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The Resurgence of Religious Disputes in India From mosques to temples, old religious battles are back in India’s courts. A law passed after the Babri Masjid dispute was meant to stop exactly this. But new claims are moving forward again, as Hindu nationalism grows and many Muslims fear that the protections once promised to them are slipping away. The Growing Concern of Hindu Nationalism The rise of Hindu nationalism in India has led to an increase in religious disputes, with many Muslims feeling that their rights and protections are being eroded. The Babri Masjid dispute, which was a major flashpoint in Indian politics, was supposed to be a wake-up call for the government to take steps to prevent such conflicts. The Impact on Minority Communities The resurgence of religious disputes in India has significant implications for minority communities, particularly Muslims. Many Muslims fear that they are being targeted and that their rights are being ignored. The government has been accused of not doing enough to protect minority rights and of emboldening Hindu nationalist groups. The Future Outlook The future outlook for India is uncertain, with many experts warning that the rise of Hindu nationalism could lead to further polarization and conflict. The government needs to take steps to address the concerns of minority communities and to prevent further escalation of religious disputes. Yashraj Sharma (@yashjournals), Al Jazeera reporter Episode credits: This episode was produced by Marcos Bartolome and Sari el-Khalili with Spencer Cline, Noor Wazwaz, Tuleen Barakat, and our host, Malika Bilal. It was edited by Tamara Khandaker. Our sound designer is Alex Roldan. Our video editors are Hisham Abu Salah and Mohannad al-Melhemm. Alexandra Locke is The Take’s executive producer. Connect with us: @AJEPodcasts on X, Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube

The San Diego Mosque Attack Authorities confirmed the identities of two other men killed in an attack on the Islamic Center of San Diego, in the latest apparent hate incident in the United States. Victim Details Revealed Mosque officials on Tuesday said Mansour Kaziha and Nader Awad had been killed when two gunmen attacked the religious site the day before. Mansour Kaziha was a longtime employee of the mosque, originally from Syria, and was married with five adult children. Nader Awad was a member of the mosque who lived across the street and rushed to the facility when he heard gunshots. The Heroic Response The third victim, Amin Abdullah, a security guard credited with thwarting the attackers, was identified by friends and family. The alleged gunmen were later found dead of apparent self-inflicted gunshot wounds. Investigation and Aftermath Police have been investigating the attack as a hate crime. The chairman of the Mosque’s board of directors, Ahmed Shabaik, said all three men had played a role in responding to the gunmen. The mosque complex, the largest in the county, remained closed as police continued their investigation. Rise in Hate Crimes The Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR) said in a statement on Tuesday: “Hate against American Muslims is completely out of control.” The mosque has seen an increase in hate calls in recent times, as instances of Islamophobia have remained elevated amid the ongoing genocide in Gaza.

The San Diego Mosque ShootingA security guard at the Islamic Center in San Diego, California, has been hailed as a “hero” after he was killed while trying to prevent suspected shooters from entering the mosque complex in an attack police are investigating as a hate crime.At least three people were killed after two teenage attackers opened fire at the San Diego mosque on Monday. Authorities have yet to publicly identify the victims, but community leaders have named the guard as Amin Abdullah.Who was Amin Abdullah?A family friend identified the guard as a well-known face at the mosque, who had been working there for more than a decade, The Associated Press news agency reported.“He wanted to defend the innocent, so he decided to become a security guard,” said Sheikh Uthman Ibn Farooq, who had spoken with Abdullah’s son. The family could not immediately be reached for comment.Local media reports suggest that Abdullah was a father of eight.The Impact of the AttackUnited States officials said the guard “played a pivotal role” in preventing the attack from being “much worse”. “It’s fair to say his actions were heroic,” San Diego Police Chief Scott Wahl said at a news conference. “Undoubtedly, he saved lives today.”At the time of the shooting, children were attending a private school located inside the complex, according to ABC News.The Response to the AttackThe mosque’s director, Imam Taha Hassane, called it “extremely outrageous to target a place of worship”.“All the places of worship in our beautiful city should always be protected,” he said.He added that the centre focused on interfaith relations and community building, and that a group of non-Muslims had been touring the mosque earlier Monday to learn about Islam.The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), one of the largest Muslim civil rights and advocacy groups in the US, condemned the shooting.

The Rise of AI-Generated Hate OperationsScroll through any Facebook feed in Britain and, between the baby announcements and petty neighbourhood beefs, you're likely to come across an account with a union jack profile picture and a vague, generic name like Britain Today. These accounts – and there are hundreds, possibly thousands of them – present themselves as the work of British patriots. In one typical, AI-generated video, a middle-aged man claims his local cafe "has stopped serving pork, bacon and sausages just to avoid offending people". Another post from the same account includes a sepia-tinted set of images of Victorian London, mourning a time when the city "was English, first-world and beautiful". Alongside this type of reactionary nostalgia, it's not unusual to see memes that call Islam a "cancer", decry Muslims praying in public as an "invasion of the west" or promote the "great replacement theory".The Financial Incentives Behind AI Hate ContentFor the past seven months, I have been investigating who is really behind pages like these. The answer, it turns out, is often young, entrepreneurial men from south Asia. They tend to have zero interest in UK politics, but the content they create often boosts far-right talking points in Britain and contributes to the increasingly hostile atmosphere for immigrants and British Muslims. They're part of a booming cottage industry producing commercial AI slop.The financial incentives for creating this kind of content are huge, particularly for creators in the global south. At the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, we looked in detail at two very successful "sloperations" targeting British audiences from Pakistan and Sri Lanka. They make money from the online ads that Meta places next to high-performing content. Meta shares a proportion of the ad revenue with the creators and also makes direct payments to creators to reward posts that receive a lot of engagement.Once you hone your algorithmic rage bait, there's very good money to be made from slop. The Pakistani creator, a devout Muslim who we are not naming for his own safety, told us he makes $1,500 (£1,119) a month from one of his pages alone; Geeth Sooriyapura, the Sri Lankan creator, claimed to have made $300,000 over the course of his Facebook career. We weren't able to verify these figures, but both men were certainly making many times the average income in their countries.The Economic Impact of AI-Generated PropagandaTheir success represents the seductive promise of "passive income" culture, a pervasive modern gospel that says you should quit your job and make easy money online. The proponents of this philosophy also often sell courses as an additional revenue stream: Sooriyapura claimed that 2,500 people, mainly other Sri Lankans, have graduated from his content academy.Rightwing propaganda and Islamophobia are, of course, not new. But two key structural factors have made it particularly pervasive on social media.The Technological and Policy EnablersFirst, the wide availability of generative AI tools. These are used at every stage of the content creation process: to brainstorm ideas, to write captions and, most importantly, to create compelling images and videos. This is particularly helpful if, like the Pakistani creator, you do not speak English well. In one video we reviewed from Sooriyapura's Facebook course, he told his students that AI-generated videos can help political content go viral up to 10 times faster.Second is Meta's retreat from content moderation. Over the past couple of years, the major social platforms have made mass redundancies on the trust and safety teams that monitored and took down harmful content. This was partly motivated by pressure from the Trump administration, which believed that platforms had engaged in heavy-handed censorship of content during the Biden presidency.Social media companies justify the moderation job cuts by pointing to their use of AI to find harmful content more efficiently. But our reporting shows there is masses of deeply offensive content on there which anyone could find in a few minutes, if they bothered to look.The Future of Online Hate Speech and Platform AccountabilityAfter we spoke to the Pakistani creator, he said it was a "good thing" we had informed him about the nature of his posts and he deleted many of them. Sooriyapura told us that he did not encourage his students to "spread violence" and that he just educates "people on Facebook monetisation and audience-targeting".The Pakistani creator didn't cover his tracks particularly well. It took me a couple of hours and a little help from Osint Industries, a platform that collates information on social media accounts, to definitively confirm that the person who ran the Islamophobic slop account also had personal accounts in his own name sharing verses from the Qur'an. These are actions that Meta easily could have taken itself. But why would it spend good money implementing its own policies when there is so little political or regulatory pressure to do so?When we contacted Meta in both these cases, it took down many of their pages and sent a one-line statement: "We have clear community standards that prohibit hate speech, harassment, harmful misinformation and inauthentic behaviour and we have removed these accounts for violating our policies." I've been a tech journalist long enough to have been through this process with Meta and other social platforms many times before. The Sri Lanka network is, depressingly, back up and running, having faced minimal consequences after a bit of downtime.Meta can, and should, be doing more to take these kinds of accounts down. But as long as its core product is an algorithmic feed that financially rewards content that provokes extreme emotions, others will always appear in its place.

The Madhya Pradesh High Court on Friday declared the medieval Kamal Maula mosque in Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, a Hindu temple dedicated to the goddess Vagdevi, sparking a saffron‑flag ceremony and reviving long‑standing Hindutva claims over historic religious sites.High Court Verdict Reclassifies Kamal Maula Mosque as a Hindu TempleThe court, acting on a petition that argued a temple pre‑dated the mosque, dismissed the Muslim community’s claim and ordered the site to be opened for Hindu worship. A temporary idol of the goddess was installed on Sunday, and large crowds gathered amid heavy police deployment.Numbers Behind the Dispute: Timeline and Legal Framework78‑year‑old Mohammad Rafiq has been the muezzin for 50 years, following his grandfather Hafiz Naziruddin who served before 1947.The monument dates to the 13th‑14th century and is part of the protected Bhojshala complex.Under a 2003 agreement with the Archaeological Survey of India, Hindus could visit on Tuesdays and Muslims could pray on Fridays.The Places of Worship Act, 1991 freezes the religious character of sites as they existed at independence (August 1947).The Supreme Court’s 2019 Babri Mosque ruling is frequently cited as a precedent for the current case.Implications for India’s Secular Fabric and Hindutva MomentumThe ruling aligns with a pattern of Hindutva‑driven claims that intensified after Narendra Modi became prime minister in 2014. Similar disputes have emerged in Varanasi (Gyanvapi Mosque) and Mathura (Shahi Eidgah). Critics, including historian Audrey Truschke and MP Asaduddin Owaisi, warn that the decision erodes religious freedom and emboldens further challenges to Muslim heritage sites.What the Ruling Signals for Future Religious Site ClaimsLegal experts note that the court’s reliance on a recent ASI survey—despite objections about methodological rigor—could set a precedent for re‑examining other contested monuments. While the judgment allows the Muslim community to seek alternative land for a new mosque, the broader message appears to be that historic claims can be overturned if they serve a Hindutva narrative. Observers anticipate more petitions targeting centuries‑old mosques, potentially prompting further Supreme Court interventions.

The Hajj Pilgrimage: A Spiritual Journey Nearly 2 million Muslims are preparing to embark on the annual Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, which begins on May 25, following the sighting of the crescent moon in Saudi Arabia. The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of Muslims from all over the world and a once-in-a-lifetime journey for many. It is also the fifth pillar of Islam. What is Hajj? The Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is the fifth and final pillar of Islam, along with the declaration of faith (shahada), five daily prayers, obligatory charity (zakat), and fasting during the month of Ramadan. When is the Hajj Performed? The Hajj is performed between the 8th and 12th (or 13th) of Dhul-Hijjah, the 12th and final month of the Islamic calendar. The timing falls roughly 70 days after the end of Ramadan, though this can vary slightly depending on the lunar cycle. In 2026, the Hajj will take place from May 25 to May 27. Why Do Muslims Perform the Hajj? Muslims believe that the Hajj is a direct commandment from God, as outlined in the Quran. Prophet Muhammad's 'farewell pilgrimage' in 632 AD affirmed the steps in the 10th year of the Islamic calendar, and it is mentioned in the Quran nearly a dozen times. The Hajj begins before pilgrims even enter Mecca. The journey is a spiritual one, and it is considered to allow Muslims to seek forgiveness, purify their souls and demonstrate their submission to God. How is the Hajj Performed? Muslims perform many rites and rituals during the five days of Hajj, which can be explained in the following steps: Ihram: Entering the pilgrimage Tawaf: Circling the Kaaba Sa'i: Walking between Safa and Marwah Mina: The tent city Arafat: The central day of Hajj Muzdalifah: Sleeping under the open sky Stoning of the pillars Sacrifice during Eid al-Adha Cutting or shaving hair Main tawaf Marking the End of Hajj Muslims mark the end of the Hajj with Eid al-Adha, celebrated on the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah and lasting up to three days in many countries. The day begins with a special prayer shortly after sunrise, as Muslims gather in mosques or open areas, wearing their finest clothes. The rest of the day is spent sharing meals, exchanging gifts, and visiting family and friends.

The Lead A recent report by the Muslim Council of Britain has found that Muslims make up 6.5 percent of the population of England and Wales, with a median age of just 27 – 13 years younger than the national average. Nearly half are under 25, meaning British Muslims are one of the youngest and fastest-growing groups in the country. Demographic Shift Researchers say that shift could become politically significant if the voting age is lowered to 16, potentially adding about 150,000 more Muslim voters to the electorate. “This is a young, British-born, highly educated generation, and politicians who still think of Muslims as outsiders are reading from a script that is 20 years out of date,” said Miqdad Asaria, associate professor in health policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Education and Inequality The report, British Muslims in Numbers, analyses census data across 2001, 2011 and 2021 and argues that much of Britain’s understanding of Muslim life is now outdated. British Muslims remain one of the youngest populations in England and Wales, with a median age of 27. However, the report also paints a stark picture of inequality and struggle, with about 110,000 Muslim households – 10.3 percent – being lone-parent households with dependent children, higher than the national average of 6.9 percent. Signs of Social Mobility Despite these challenges, the report documents signs of social mobility. Muslim women’s economic activity has risen by 37 percent over the past two decades. Nearly a third of Muslims now hold degrees, close to the national average, while among 16–24-year-olds, Muslims now exceed the national average for degree-level attainment. The Future Outlook For researchers behind the report, the central question is no longer whether Muslims belong, but whether Britain’s institutions are prepared for the scale of the demographic and social change already under way. “Muslims are increasingly well-educated, entrepreneurial, economically active and engaged citizens,” said Abdul-Azim Ahmed, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Islam in the UK.

The Global Financial Network Behind a Nationalist Party The far-right Reform UK party, led by the firebrand populist Nigel Farage, is on the rise, doubling down on calls for tougher border controls and anti-immigration rhetoric. But a look at its finances tells a different story, with money flowing across borders. While Reform UK says it aims to strengthen the rule of law by prioritising parliamentary sovereignty, cutting immigration, and reducing the influence of international bodies, many of its financial backers, political relationships and ideological allies extend beyond the United Kingdom and into international networks. Within this network is a small number of individual donors, including its largest backer, Thailand-based crypto investor Christopher Harborne. Farage himself is a global networker. In December, he flew to Abu Dhabi at the expense of the United Arab Emirates to attend events and meet officials, despite building a political brand centred on opposition to immigration from regions such as the Middle East. The UK political finance system allows unlimited donations on the condition of openness, Sam Power, an expert in political financing, electoral regulation and corruption at the University of Bristol, told Al Jazeera, noting that "anybody can donate as much as they want as long as they're permissible". While transparency was meant to balance this freedom, in practice, with opaque donations, gifts, and weak lobbying rules undermining scrutiny, the system is "no longer fit for purpose in British electoral law", he said. Duncan Hames, director of policy, Transparency International UK, said in a statement that British democracy is becoming "a plaything for the super-rich". "Political parties are growing ever more dependent on a tiny number of mega-donors, and the impact of that money on our politics is clear: it buys privileged access, political influence, and even seats in the House of Lords," he said. Donations have long been a function of the British political system, Power explained, but what Reform UK has done is that it has "supercharged" the scale. "British politics has always had a bit of a representation problem, in the sense that a small number of wealthy people have an outsized influence, but we have never seen the number this small and the money this big," Hames said. International Donors and Financial Flows Reform UK relies heavily on donations, about two-thirds of which come from wealthy individuals. At the heart of this set-up sits Harborne, a British-Thai billionaire businessman who is currently the largest single donor to a UK political party in history, having contributed more than 22 million pounds ($30m) to Reform. In 2025 alone, he donated 12 million pounds ($16.3m). His relationship with Farage has also been shrouded in controversy. The Guardian recently revealed Reform UK's leader had received a 5 million-pound ($6.8m) gift from Harborne that was not initially declared in early 2024, weeks before Farage announced his bid to become an MP and run in Clacton. Under House of Commons rules, new MPs must register all "registrable benefits" received in the 12 months before their election. The Conservative Party referred Farage to the parliamentary standards commissioner for investigation, questioning why such a large sum was hidden from the public. Farage said the money was gifted to him "so that I would be safe and secure for the rest of my life". Harborne has made much of his fortune from his 12 percent stake in Tether, a cryptocurrency that Farage now regularly promotes on media appearances. Global Travel and Speaking Engagements In December, the UAE paid approximately 1,000 pounds ($1,360) for Farage to visit Abu Dhabi and forked out $9,000 for Paddock passes at the 2025 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, as shown in the UK Parliament Register of Members' Financial Interests. The Financial Times, quoting people familiar with the matter, reported Reform UK treasurer Nick Candy had arranged the trip as the UAE's leadership "was keen to speak with Reform owing to a shared opposition to the Muslim Brotherhood". Harborne is also estimated to have spent an estimated 25,000 pounds ($33,900) flying Farage out to the Maldives for a three-day trip that the Reform UK leader listed as a "humanitarian aid mission". Farage is also flown around the world to speak at various events. In November, Bassim Haidar, a Lebanese-Nigerian billionaire entrepreneur and prominent donor to Reform UK, spent about 55,000 pounds ($74,528) to fly out Farage and two of his aides to the United States for a "speaking engagement and charity event", according to the register. Haidar uses Dubai as his primary business headquarters, while his main European residential base is in Greece. In February 2025, GB News, a media outlet which has produced biased coverage about Muslims according to a recent study, paid Farage 7,924 pounds ($10,737) to cover the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), an annual gathering of conservatives in the US, organised by the American Conservative Union, at which he also held a speech. CPAC covered the cost of his accommodation. The Future of UK Political Financing Reform UK has committed to doing the "bare minimum to comply with electoral law on transparency", Power said. The party appears "uninterested in giving you information unless they are absolutely forced to", a trend he expects to continue. However, small changes in the law are being applied. After Harborne's gift was revealed, the UK government unveiled a planned 100,000-pound ($135,611) cap on how much British citizens living abroad could donate in a year, as well as a temporary ban on all donations made in cryptocurrencies. Power said ultimately, the system of political donations in the UK will not halt overnight, but some form of compromise needs to be met. He proposed a "democracy backstop" to cap donations at 1 million pounds ($1.35m). "It just moves us towards just taking the poison out a little bit," he said.

The Church's Alarm Over Christian SafetyThe head of a Greek Orthodox Church in Jerusalem has condemned a brutal attack on a nun in the city and warned of growing concerns over the future for Christians living in the Holy Land. Archbishop Atallah Hanna stated on Facebook that "the attack on a nun in the city of Jerusalem comes amid escalating violations against Christian institutions in the city."He emphasized that "this reflects increasing concerns about the future of the historic Christian presence in the Holy Land." In his post, accompanied by a video, he warned that such attacks "are no longer isolated incidents, but part of a recurring pattern that threatens the Christian presence," calling for international action to stop them.The Recent Attack on the NunOn Thursday, Israeli police released a video showing what witnesses described as an attack by a Jewish man on a French nun in Jerusalem on Tuesday. The footage depicted the man following the nun, forcibly pushing her to the ground, causing an injury to her head, then briefly walking away before returning to kick her as she lay on the ground, until bystanders intervened.According to The Times of Israel, police confirmed they had arrested a 36-year-old Jewish man suspected of assaulting the nun. "The suspect was identified and subsequently arrested by police," the police stated on Wednesday, adding they viewed with "utmost severity" any violent act "driven by potentially racist motives and directed toward members of the clergy."Father Olivier Poquillon, director of Jerusalem's French School of Biblical and Archaeological Research, told AFP that the 48-year-old nun is a researcher at the institution and did not wish to speak publicly.Escalating Pattern of ViolenceAttacks on Christian communities in occupied East Jerusalem and Israel have risen in recent years, according to the Rossing Center for Education and Dialogue, which tracks such incidents. Churches in Jerusalem have repeatedly called on Israeli authorities to act decisively to put an end to these attacks.On Tuesday, Israel's Foreign Ministry called the incident a "shameful act" in a statement on X, adding: "In a city sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike, we remain committed to protecting all communities and ensuring those responsible for violence are held accountable."International Response and Future OutlookThe concerns come amid other incidents of desecration of Christian sites. Last month, a viral photograph showing an Israeli soldier smashing a statue of Jesus Christ in southern Lebanon with a sledgehammer caused outrage. The military confirmed an investigation had been opened and that "appropriate measures will be taken against those involved in accordance with the findings."Israel later announced that the soldier had been jailed for 30 days, along with another soldier who had been filming him. Six other soldiers were summoned for questioning. As tensions continue, international observers are watching to see if Israeli authorities will take more comprehensive measures to protect Christian sites and individuals in the region.