Politics
Jun 20, 2026
Lawmakers and pro-Israel groups are calling on President Trump to submit the recent Iran Memorandum…
The Lead
President Donald Trump faces growing pressure from lawmakers and pro-Israel groups to submit the recent Iran Memorandum of Understanding to Congress for review, raising questions about presidential powers and congressional authority in international diplomacy.
The Legal Framework of Congressional Review
The Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (INARA), passed in 2015 during the Obama administration, requires any agreements with Iran related to its nuclear program to be submitted to Congress for review and a possible vote of disapproval. The law mandates that the president submit any such agreement to Congress within five days, triggering a 30-day approval period during which Congress can pass a joint resolution of disapproval to scuttle the deal. However, such a resolution would require a two-thirds majority in both chambers to override a presidential veto, an extremely high bar.
The Memorandum's Provisions and Legal Questions
This week's memorandum between the US and Iran opens the Strait of Hormuz, lifts the US blockade on Iran's ports, and halts fighting on all fronts, including in Lebanon. It also immediately lifts US sanctions on Iran's fossil fuel industry while launching negotiations on the future of Iran's nuclear program. As part of the deal, both countries agree to maintain their nuclear "status quo" during ongoing negotiations, with Iran committing to dilute its highly enriched uranium "on site."
Presidential Power vs Congressional Authority
Trump's second term has been characterized by a broad interpretation of presidential power, with his administration previously flouting the US Constitution's provision that Congress alone has the power to declare war. The administration has argued that the president is not beholden to the legal requirement to gain congressional approval within 60 days of launching an attack, as the Iran war that began on February 28 has lasted nearly three and a half months. In an interview with Axios, Trump suggested that the war taught him there are "no limits" to his power as president.
Political Hypocrisy and Shifting Positions
The push for congressional review has exposed apparent contradictions in political attitudes toward presidential war powers. Several pro-Israel groups, including The Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA) and the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), have been among the loudest voices calling for congressional involvement in the deal, despite previously defending Trump's claims that Iran represented an "imminent threat" that allowed him to launch strikes without congressional approval. Democratic Senator Chris Van Hollen characterized the Republican embrace of INARA as evidence of hypocrisy, noting that "Republican senators who were AWOL regarding their constitutional duties around STARTING the war against Iran all of a sudden demand that Congress play a role in STOPPING the war."
Future Outlook and Potential Outcomes
Legal experts from across the ideological spectrum have argued that Trump's memorandum is subject to INARA, though it remains unclear if the president will comply. The administration could potentially argue that the memorandum only sets out terms to reach an eventual agreement and is not an agreement itself, though experts note this argument is faulty. Given Trump's expansive view of presidential authority and his party's control of Congress, it appears unlikely that any institution will force compliance with INARA, potentially setting a precedent for future executive agreements with Iran and other nations.