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The struggle to unwind at the end of the day is a familiar one for many of us. Insomnia is a common problem, and music is often recommended as a way to relax. Max Richter's Sleep, an eight-hour long piece designed to mirror the phases of sleep, has become a popular choice, currently ranking No 2 in the official classical artist albums chart.But where did this genre of instrumental sleep music begin? The term "nocturne" was first used by John Field to describe his short, standalone piano pieces. These pieces were designed to evoke a tranquil evening mood, often featuring a slow and lyrical melody in the right hand with a rippling accompaniment in the bass. Field's Nocturnes were born out of his time in Russia, where he was inspired by the pearly light of the long summer nights.Chopin later expanded the form to include a range of moods and themes, from stormy and passionate to meltingly beautiful. The piano remained the pre-eminent instrument for nocturnes, with composers like Gabriel Fauré and Erik Satie making significant contributions to the genre.Nocturnes have had a lasting impact beyond music, influencing art, literature, and even perfumes. The word "nocturne" has come to symbolize a dreamlike, peaceful night, and the concept has been used in various forms of creative expression. As Susan Tomes notes, nocturnes are "tiny three-minute narratives" that ask us to follow as the story unfolds, standing on the threshold between "day mind" and "night mind".

Dame Carole Jordan, who has died aged 84, was a prominent figure in astrophysics, celebrated for her groundbreaking research on the outer atmosphere of the sun and other cool stars. Her contributions to the field have left a lasting impact, and her legacy extends beyond her scientific achievements as a champion for women in science.Jordan's fascination with astronomy began at a young age, inspired by books from authors like Arthur Eddington and Fred Hoyle. She pursued her passion for astronomy at University College London, where she was interviewed by CW Allen, professor of astronomy, and offered a place. Her academic journey led her to become a leading expert in ultraviolet spectroscopy of the sun and other stars.In 1962, a rocket-borne experiment led by US astronomer Richard Tousey measured the EUV spectrum of the sun, discovering a dozen unidentified emission lines. Jordan dedicated her research to understanding these lines, eventually becoming the world expert on the subject. Her 1965 PhD thesis, Analysis of the Solar Ultraviolet Spectrum, concluded that several lines were due to transitions in highly ionized iron.Jordan's most-cited paper, The Ionization Equilibrium of Elements Between Carbon and Nickel, published in 1969, laid out the ionization equilibrium as a function of temperature for the main ionized states of common heavy elements. This work became a definitive guide to EUV spectroscopy. The launch of the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) in 1978 enabled her to extend her analyses to other stars, solidifying her position as an expert on the chromospheres of cool stars.Jordan's achievements extended beyond her scientific contributions. In 1994, she became the first female president of the Royal Astronomical Society, a testament to her dedication to promoting women in science. She was also a staunch supporter of the Royal Astronomical Society, serving as secretary and vice-president of the Institute of Physics.Throughout her career, Jordan received numerous accolades, including the RAS's gold medal in 2005 and being made a dame in 2006. Her legacy serves as an inspiration to future generations of scientists, particularly women, to pursue careers in STEM fields.

Brandy's highly anticipated memoir, Phases, co-written with Gerrick Kennedy, provides an intimate look at the singer's life, detailing her formative years, meteoric rise to fame, and struggles with addiction, bullying, and trauma.Brandy, known as the 'Vocal Bible,' has been in the music industry for over 30 years, with a discography that includes undeniable classics like 'Sittin’ Up in My Room', 'The Boy Is Mine', and 'What About Us?'. Despite her success, she has often been underrated, and her memoir aims to set the record straight.The book delves into Brandy's early life in Mississippi and California, where she developed her singing skills in church choirs and youth groups. It also explores her experiences as a teenage superstar, including her role on the hit sitcom Moesha and her struggles with addiction.Brandy shares stories of bullying, including being targeted by a bully named Shanice, and her complicated relationships with musical idols like Whitney Houston and Michael Jackson. She also opens up about a toxic relationship with Wanya Morris of Boyz II Men and her side of the story about her highly publicized feud with Monica.The memoir also touches on Brandy's involvement in a fatal car accident in 2006, which left her with survivor's guilt and a deep sense of responsibility. Through it all, Brandy's love for music remained a constant, and she reflects on her journey to becoming one of the most respected vocalists in the industry.Phases is now available on HarperCollins in the US and will be released in Australia on April 1 and in the UK on April 23.

The recent ruling that Meta and YouTube are liable for creating addictive products has intensified the debate on restricting social media use for under-16s. However, there's another crucial aspect to consider: 85% of kids and teens interact online through video games. The suggestion to curb online gaming alongside social media restrictions raises significant concerns about feasibility and impact.Some online games, like Roblox, have proven to be unsafe environments for children, with cases of grooming and child exploitation. Nevertheless, implementing a ban on online gaming would be a regulatory nightmare. Games like Minecraft or EA Sports FC have different online components, making a blanket restriction difficult to enforce.Banning teens from playing games online entirely would be detrimental. Online games are vital social spaces for millions of teens, offering a few arenas where they can interact without adult surveillance. With two-thirds of council-run youth centers lost since 2010, video games fill a critical gap.The core problem lies in the internet's heterogeneous nature. Games, social media, and YouTube are distinct, making it hard to cancel out potential harms without also eliminating benefits. Instead of banning young people, the focus should be on taking back the internet from manipulative big tech companies.Parents concerned about their children's safety can use existing parental controls to mitigate risks. Features like chat restrictions, time limits, and age-appropriate settings can ensure children enjoy games while staying safe. A ban would introduce no further benefit and could cause significant harm.

David Attenborough’s voice returns to British screens in ‘Secret Garden’, a BBC One series launched to celebrate the network’s 100th birthday. Unlike his classic wildlife documentaries, the show turns the lens toward the UK’s own backyards, exploring how gardens can rival tropical rainforests in biodiversity.Series producer Bill Markham explains that the programme deliberately avoids the usual “lions and tigers” spectacle, aiming instead for a relatable, garden‑centred narrative. He notes that British gardens collectively cover more area than all national nature reserves combined, and that an average garden can host up to 2,600 different species.The series tackles the contentious issue of domestic cats. With 9.5 million pet cats in Britain, Attenborough reveals they may kill around 55 million birds each year. Simple measures—such as fitting cats with bells—can slash hunting success by one‑third, while raising bird feeders reduces fatalities further.Markham stresses that the current predator‑prey balance is “unfair on the prey”, noting that cats are “the biggest predator in our gardens” yet are constantly fed, leading to an unsustainable population. He cites ecologist Dr Davide Dominoni, who suggests that keeping cats indoors during the breeding months of April and May could dramatically lower bird deaths.Beyond cats, the series examines other garden‑linked wildlife challenges. Each year, over 30 million pheasants—an Asian species—are released into the countryside, where they prey on native insects, reptiles, and amphibians. Markham argues that despite the countryside lobby’s claim that pheasant shooting sustains rural jobs, the practice “mess‑es with the ecology”.‘Secret Garden’ also showcases rare footage, including a pine marten hunting sand martins, an otter preying on ducks, and intricate mayfly battles reminiscent of the famed “snakes vs. iguana” scene from Planet Earth II. These moments underline the hidden drama unfolding in everyday green spaces.Markham hopes the series will soothe the growing eco‑anxiety many feel about climate change. He points out that the UK boasts roughly 25 million gardens, with 80 % of the population having access. Simple actions—like planting a native tree to boost caterpillar supplies for birds—can make a measurable difference.While the show may provoke cat owners and countryside advocates, Markham believes the nation’s love for “animals, gardens and David Attenborough” will drive a collective re‑thinking of garden stewardship. As Attenborough reflects, his first encounter with nature likely occurred in his own garden, setting him on the path to becoming the world’s most renowned naturalist.‘Secret Garden’ airs from 5 April on BBC One and iPlayer.

The destruction of a US E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft in an Iranian strike on a Saudi Arabian airbase has raised significant questions about how a critical surveillance asset was left unprotected and how Iran managed to launch such a precise direct strike.The plane was one of only 16 operational E-3s, which first entered production in the 1960s and carry sophisticated monitoring equipment allowing them to detect airborne threats such as missiles while surveilling assigned battle spaces including communications, troop movements, and air defense sites.The attack that destroyed the aircraft on March 27, while it was parked at Prince Sultan airbase, demonstrated Iran's continuing ability to strike high-value targets in the region despite a month of US and Israeli air raids.Images from the scene show a direct strike on the E-3's radar dome near the tail, suggesting a high degree of accuracy in the attack. The strike also injured US servicemen and damaged several in-flight refuelling aircraft.Ukraine's president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, stated that Ukrainian intelligence had information indicating a Russian spy satellite photographed the base three times before the attack—on March 20, 23, and 25. Zelenskyy explained that multiple satellite images typically indicate preparation for an imminent attack.Zelenskyy's comments follow reports that Moscow was providing intelligence to Iran on the location of US forces in the Middle East, a claim denied by Russia's foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov.The destroyed E-3 was one of six such aircraft deployed to the Saudi Arabian base. These aging aircraft have long suffered from maintenance issues, with the US Air Force's E-3s reportedly having a mission-capable rate of only about 56% in 2024.The E-3 can track up to 600 targets simultaneously over a large area, acting as the eyes and ears for fighter pilots. The loss of this particular E-3 is considered incredibly problematic, as these aircraft serve as crucial battle managers for airspace deconfliction, aircraft coordination, targeting, and providing other lethal effects needed for battlefield operations.While US and Israeli commanders have claimed a decrease in Iran's missile capabilities, experts had anticipated a reduction in Tehran's launch intensity as it conserves military resources. Some analysts suggest Iran may be targeting key enablers of US airpower as part of a deliberate campaign following initial successes by the US and Israel in controlling Iranian airspace.

President Donald Trump's aggressive pursuit of fossil fuels, particularly in the context of the Iran conflict, has exposed the volatile nature of the fossil fuel era, according to critics. The ongoing tensions have resulted in significant economic and environmental costs, including a spike in global energy costs and a substantial humanitarian toll.The conflict has led to a humanitarian and environmental crisis in Iran and southern Lebanon, with threats of further escalation likely to exacerbate these issues. The blockade of the Strait of Hormuz, a critical passage for oil transportation, has had far-reaching economic implications, with consumers worldwide paying over $100 billion extra to fossil fuel companies since the conflict began. In the US, the average national cost of gasoline has risen to nearly $4 a gallon.Experts, such as Alice Hill from the Council on Foreign Relations, have expressed concerns about Trump's reliance on fossil fuels, stating that it is a risky strategy. Hill emphasized that countries investing in clean energy like solar and wind power will be better positioned to weather such crises. However, Trump's administration has actively sought to undermine clean energy projects, including banning them from federal land and waters and removing their subsidies.The Trump administration's actions have been contrasted with the growing global investment in renewable energy. Despite the declining cost of wind and solar power, the administration has taken steps to promote fossil fuel extraction, including attempting to seize oil supplies from Iran and Venezuela. This approach has been criticized for its potential to exacerbate climate change and undermine global efforts to transition to cleaner energy sources.The ongoing dependence on fossil fuels has been highlighted by recent environmental disasters, including toxic black smoke from missile strikes on oil depots in Iran and an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. These incidents have underscored the need for a shift towards cleaner energy sources to mitigate the risks associated with fossil fuel extraction and consumption.

An Iranian academic has strongly condemned the recent US-Israeli attacks on Iran's universities, describing them as a deliberate attempt to undermine the country's academic freedom and intellectual capabilities. The attacks, which have been widely criticized by academics and human rights organizations, have resulted in significant damage to several Iranian universities, disrupting the academic year and causing concern among students and faculty. The Iranian academic, who spoke on condition of anonymity, stated that the attacks are part of a broader strategy to weaken Iran's educational system and suppress dissenting voices. The incident has sparked international condemnation, with many calling for an immediate end to the attacks and a return to diplomatic channels to resolve any outstanding issues.

European nations have voiced their deep concern over Israel's plans to expand the use of the death penalty, a move that could have a disproportionate impact on Palestinians. The bill, which is set to be voted on next week, has sparked criticism from foreign ministers of France, Germany, Italy, and the UK.In a statement released by the German Federal Foreign Office on Sunday, the ministers expressed their worries about the discriminatory character of the bill, warning that its adoption could undermine Israel's commitment to democratic principles.The legislation, championed by far-right government figures including National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, aims to make the death penalty applicable in more cases. Amnesty International has condemned the proposals, stating that they would make the death penalty "another discriminatory tool in Israel's system of apartheid."The bill's passage would likely face a legal challenge and be taken before the Supreme Court. The development comes as Israel's policies in Gaza and the occupied West Bank have faced international scrutiny.The Council of Europe has also urged Israel to abandon the draft law, with Council chief Alain Berset stating that the organization opposes the death penalty in all circumstances.