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Summer Arrival Brings Noctilucent Clouds to the Night SkyAs the northern‑hemisphere summer settles in, a rare high‑altitude spectacle lights up the western twilight: noctilucent clouds, or “night‑shining” clouds, glow with an electric‑blue hue just after sunset.High‑Altitude Glows at the Edge of SpaceThese formations sit at roughly 80 km above the surface—virtually the edge of space—making them the highest known clouds in Earth’s atmosphere. They become visible about half an hour after sunset, when the lower atmosphere is in shadow but the thin upper layer still reflects sunlight.Numbers Behind the PhenomenonTypical altitude: 80 kmFirst documented sighting: 1885Key historical event coinciding with appearance: 1885 Krakatoa eruptionSouthern‑hemisphere season start: around OctoberResearchers note that no recorded observations exist before 1885, despite the clouds’ striking visibility, prompting theories that they may be linked to industrial aerosols emerging in the late 19th century.Why Noctilucent Clouds Matter for Climate ScienceThe clouds serve as a natural laboratory for studying upper‑atmospheric processes. Possible drivers include:Industrial pollutants providing nucleation sites for ice crystals.Volcanic eruptions (e.g., Krakatoa) injecting particles into the mesosphere.Climate‑induced increases in water vapour reaching higher altitudes.Because their brightness and frequency respond to subtle changes in mesospheric temperature and composition, noctilucent clouds are increasingly viewed as a proxy for monitoring climate‑related shifts.Future Outlook: Monitoring Upper‑Atmosphere ChangesScientists plan to combine satellite lidar measurements with ground‑based observations to track seasonal trends and assess whether cloud frequency intensifies under a warming climate. Continued study will help determine if noctilucent clouds can act as an early‑warning indicator for broader atmospheric transformations.

The Global Bauxite Rush and Guinea's ContradictionIn the small village of Bembou Silaty, northwestern Guinea, 38-year-old Mamadou Aliou embodies the central contradiction of Guinea's bauxite boom. Working in the environmental health and safety department for a mining company while simultaneously advocating for his community's rights, Aliou represents the complex relationship between global resource demands and local realities."Before these companies arrived, we cultivated our land, and it sustained us," Aliou told Al Jazeera. "We could cover our daily needs, especially food. But now, when a piece of land is registered and belongs to a mining company, you have nothing there any more."The Strategic Value of Guinea's Bauxite ReservesGuinea holds the world's largest reserves of bauxite, the ore that becomes alumina and ultimately aluminum—a metal essential for car and aircraft frames, windows, wind turbines, and solar panels. Over the past three decades, the country has multiplied its bauxite production tenfold, with more than a dozen ongoing projects currently operating.As the global energy transition demands ever more aluminum, Guinea has found itself in a strategically crucial position. Approximately 75 percent of the bauxite exported by the country over the past decade has ended up in China, which produces 60 percent of the world's aluminum. Companies from Russia, the United States, and the United Arab Emirates have also established significant operations in the country to secure this valuable resource.Economic Disparities and Compensation ChallengesIn the traditional bauxite heartlands of Kindia and Boke, the main roads are notably well-maintained, and steady jobs in technical roles or transport logistics have created economic opportunities for some Guineans. In Bembou Silaty, however, the situation remains starkly different—a quiet village without electricity, where farming methods remain untouched by mechanization.People working in technical roles at the mine can earn up to about $300 a month, a significant sum in Guinea. For other locals who make a living from farming, most don't have a regular wage and rely on the yield from their crops. Across Guinea, an estimated half of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood.Locals in Bembou Silaty say every hectare claimed by mining is a hectare lost to farming, in a country that spent more than $500m importing rice in 2024. "They give you compensation for your land, but it's not enough, and in the end, it's mismanaged," Aliou said. "Within a month or two, someone who received 50 or 100 million Guinean francs ($5,700-11,400) has nothing left. No land, no money. They have to start over, from below zero."Environmental Degradation and Water ContaminationThe environmental impact of bauxite mining in communities like Bembou Silaty has been profound. Not all homes in the village of about 5,000 have indoor toilets and plumbing. While a new water point serves nearly all residents, the water contains iron contamination.In neighboring villages, the situation is even more dire. "Since the mining companies came, we've had this problem with the water. The children get sick, and the parents too," said Mariama Kindi Diallo, a farmer. "The doctors tell us not to drink the rain or river water. There are no roads, no school, no phone signal. What are we supposed to do? We are asking for help to have a dignified life."Environmental concerns extend beyond water contamination. Surgical holes drilled into the ground mark where mining companies have tested for bauxite—a reminder to farmers that the impact on the land is felt even before extraction begins. In a recent report, Djami Diallo, the Guinean minister of the environment and sustainable development, stated that each year, certain companies had their impact studies and evaluation reports rejected for failing to comply with environmental standards.The Government's Push for Value AdditionTo address these challenges and increase the benefits for Guinea, the government of Mamady Doumbouya, which came to power in a 2021 coup, is attempting to reorganize the mining sector. It is pressing investors to process bauxite within Guinea, ensuring a portion of the value stays in the country.Processing bauxite into aluminum can multiply its price by 37 times. Instability in Iran amid the US and Israel's war has contributed to rising aluminum prices, which surpassed $3,600 per tonne in April. Doumbouya is set to lead the country for the next seven years, after winning the December 2025 elections with nearly 87 percent of the vote.Achieving this transformation, however, requires a huge increase in electricity generation—power that is non-existent in villages like Bembou Silaty and unreliable even in the capital, Conakry. Guinea is working with neighboring Senegal on a solution: Using Senegalese gas to generate enough electricity to process its bauxite on African soil.The Global Trail of Bauxite and MigrationThe story of Guinea's bauxite extends far beyond its borders. More than 3,000km away, in Parets del Valles, Spain, the journey's end plays out. For Spain, Europe's largest consumer of Guinean bauxite, more than 90 percent of its imports come from Guinea.The aluminium produced there feeds the automotive industry and serves both industrial and domestic purposes. In Spain, there is light, hot water, paved roads—all the base elements of a decent life that remain elusive in many parts of Guinea.Increasingly, more boats are leaving directly from Guinea, towards the Canary Islands and on to mainland Europe. According to Frontex, the European Union border security agency, more Guineans arrived in the Canary Islands, Spain, in 2023 (2,324) than in the previous 13 years combined. In 2024 and 2025 combined, another 6,000 Guineans arrived.Many left, following the bauxite trail, hoping to find something more in the places where their resources are both enjoyed and exploited. "If you compare the bauxite we export with what we get in return, the difference is enormous," Aliou reflects. "We gain almost nothing. Just enough to survive."

Rising Drownings Amid the UK HeatwaveEmergency services have recorded nine water‑related deaths in the past few days, seven of them young people, as soaring temperatures push the public into rivers, lakes, reservoirs and coastal spots.Recent Fatal Incidents Highlight Cold‑Water Shock Danger17‑year‑old boy found dead in Pick Mere, Northwich (Cheshire Constabulary).Teenage girl and five boys died in separate incidents across Yorkshire, Warwickshire, Hampshire, Lincolnshire and Lancashire.Man in his 60s suffered cardiac arrest while rescuing relatives at Tregirls Beach, Cornwall.72‑year‑old woman died after being pulled from West Angle Bay, Pembrokeshire.Dr Heather Massey, associate professor at the University of Portsmouth, stresses the need for supervised swimming sites and basic rescue knowledge.Statistical Snapshot: Deaths and TrendsNational Water Safety Forum data show a spike in drownings from May through August 2025, with the majority of victims being young men.More than 50% of fatalities occur in inland waterways rather than on the coast.Research from Bournemouth University (2024) found drowning deaths are three times higher on days when temperatures exceed 25 °C, especially among men who have consumed alcohol.Why Cold Water and Heat Combine to Threaten SwimmersCold‑water shock triggers an involuntary gasp, rapid breathing and a sharp rise in heart rate. The effect peaks within the first 30 seconds and can last two to three minutes, making sudden immersion in cold water especially hazardous for people whose skin is heated by the sun.Jumping or diving amplifies the risk, as the initial gasp may draw water into the lungs before the swimmer can surface.Preventive Measures and Outlook for Summer SafetyExperts recommend:Choose locations with lifeguards and enter water gradually.Practice the “float‑on‑back” technique and keep the head tilted back to keep airways clear.Follow the “phone, float, throw” protocol when assisting someone in distress.Parents and carers should discuss water risks with children and encourage peer‑to‑peer safety.The National Water Safety Forum’s “Float to Live” campaign and statements from Gavin Ellis, drowning‑prevention lead at the National Fire Chiefs Council, underline that many incidents are preventable with awareness and timely action. As the heatwave persists, continued public education and increased lifeguard coverage will be crucial to curb the rising tide of drownings.

Lead: A Flood‑Strewn Wedding Becomes a Global Visual IconOn a monsoon‑ravaged July day, AP photographer Aaron Favila raced through waist‑deep water to reach Barásoain Church in Bulacan, Philippines, just in time to capture the bride, Jamaica, stepping out of the church doors. The resulting photograph, later crowned the 2026 World Press Photo winner, resonated worldwide for its blend of romance and disaster.The Flood Wedding Capture: Logistics, Timing, and the ShotFavila had spent the morning documenting Manila’s post‑monsoon flooding, then received a last‑minute call about the ceremony scheduled for 3 p.m.He and the AP driver covered the 40‑minute distance in a rescue truck, stopping repeatedly to load stranded villagers.At roughly 100 metres from the church, Favila plunged into the water, reaching the bride moments before the doors opened.The image focuses on the bride’s lace‑trimmed dress floating in water, the historic wooden doors, and the soaked groomsmen in traditional barong tagalog shirts.Emotional Resonance and Viral ReachThe photograph quickly spread on social media, garnering far more engagement than Favila’s previous work, which had been limited to personal circles. Viewers were drawn to the juxtaposition of “love and resilience in the face of disaster,” a narrative that transcended language and geography.Cultural Significance of Disaster Weddings in the PhilippinesBoth the bride and groom, accustomed to flooding in their hometowns, deliberately proceeded with the ceremony despite the known risk. Their decision underscores a broader cultural attitude in flood‑prone regions: community events continue, adapting to environmental challenges rather than postponing them.Future Outlook: Photojournalism at the Intersection of Climate Change and Human StoriesFavila’s experience illustrates a growing demand for journalists who can operate safely in extreme weather while capturing intimate human moments. As monsoon intensity rises across Southeast Asia, we can expect more visual narratives that blend personal celebration with climate‑driven adversity, shaping public perception and policy discussions around disaster preparedness.

Translated Fiction Review Roundup A collection of recent translated fiction has been reviewed, showcasing the diversity and complexity of global literature. The reviews include: 'Sisters in Yellow' by Mieko Kawakami Sisters in Yellow by Mieko Kawakami, translated by Laurel Taylor and Hitomi Yoshio (Picador, £16.99) Kawakami’s latest opens with a bang, as narrator Hana learns that her old friend Kimiko has been charged with abduction. This MacGuffin takes us to their friendship in late-1990s Tokyo, when teen Hana and the older woman open a bar called Lemon: “Yellow attracts money.” But it’s a turbulent ride and soon Hana is in a world of organised crime. “The world is crazy. I feel like I’m living in a manga.” She’s not the only one, and you need an appetite for Kawakami’s style, which prefers to explore rather than explain – people come and go, buildings burn down, cancer is diagnosed, almost at random – but the relentless rush means there’s no time to get bored. At its best – as in a scene where Hana’s unreliable mother wants to borrow 2m yen for investment in lingerie that helps “your spine and organs move back to where they’re supposed to be” – this is a story both absurd and horrifying. 'All Flesh' by Ananda Devi All Flesh by Ananda Devi, translated by Jeffrey Zuckerman (Pushkin, £12.99) “Forgive me for starting this story with bodily, unpalatable origins.” You may as well – it’s all like that. In an unnamed European country, a schoolgirl “born with no urge but to consume” is getting bigger and bigger. “My gut, my ass, my thighs – they were all set on reaching the farthest corners of the world.” She blames her gluttony on the need to silence the voice of her dead twin sister, who was “absorbed into my tissues” in the womb. She hates school, where other kids mock her, as though her own self-disgust weren’t enough. After a blackly comic scene where she gets stuck in her bedroom doorframe like “an uncooperative cork”, she falls in love with the lonely carpenter who arrives to widen the door – but there are more twists to come. This powerful story is deeply physical, but driven by a compelling voice describing the torment of a girl who is “the psychical mirror of our time … immoderation made manifest”. 'The White Desert' by Luis López Carrasco The White Desert by Luis López Carrasco, translated by Rosalind Harvey (Granta, £14.99) This unpredictable book, comprising five linked stories about a Spanish couple, opens with the end of the world and gets weirder from there. A balloon debate about a post-apocalyptic scenario turns nasty when one participant pulls a knife, or thinks he does. A plane crash-lands on an island. “Can [we] go and get our luggage … Lots of people have, you know, soiled themselves.” What links the scenes is a sense of disconnection in our connected world, but the book subverts expectations: when a group of people celebrating New Year’s Eve go missing, it turns out to be a game of hide and seek. Footnotes peppered throughout suggest we’re viewing all this from the future (“Emirates was a well-known passenger airline …”), and discovering what the white desert is turns everything on its head. For readers who like to do their own joining up, and who want a playful, original take on our precarious lives, this is a thought-provoking treat. 'The Home of the Drowned' by Elin Anna Labba The Home of the Drowned by Elin Anna Labba, translated by Elizabeth Clark Wessel (Harvill, £16.99) “You could have waited, you bastards.” In 1942 Lapland, a village occupied by the semi-nomadic Sámi people is flooded by a new hydroelectric plant’s dam. One family watch as their goahti (peat-covered hut) disappears under the water. “It wasn’t the nicest goahti,” says Ánne. “No, but it was mine,” says her sister Rávdná. When Rávdná wants to build a house to replace it, the authorities refuse permission: the Sámi way of life has been rejected but alternatives are not permitted. A local newspaper half-heartedly offers to publicise their case, but “we receive a lot of angry letters if we use any foreign words”. When the government tells local people the new dam “will lift us out of poverty and injustice”, the words reek with irony. This intimate story of infuriating discrimination is, Labba says, based on real events in Sweden.

The Discovery of PFAS in the Solent Strait Scientists have found high levels of toxic PFAS, or “forever chemicals”, in soil, water and throughout the marine food chain in the UK’s Solent strait, including at protected environmental sites, according to a new study. Extent of the Pollution In some samples, pollution was 13 times the safe threshold for coastal waters. Others, which were below legal limits for individual chemicals, failed tests for combined toxicity. The samples were taken from the Solent strait, which runs between the Isle of Wight and the mainland, forming part of the Channel. Sources of the Chemicals The chemicals are thought to have entered the environment from wastewater treatment plants, sewage outflows, historic landfills and nearby military sites. Researchers analysed government data, testing at water utilities, and their own samples from a dozen species of fish, seaweed and invertebrates. Impact on the Environment They found PFAS were entering the Solent in treated effluent from wastewater plants in Portsmouth and Fareham operated by Southern Water, the utility that provides drinking water and sewerage for Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. The study also mapped 194 combined sewer overflow outfalls and more than 500 nearby historic landfills that researchers believe could also contribute to the pollution. Calls for Action Researchers said their findings highlighted the need to monitor chemicals in combination and to make a blanket ban on PFAS part of the government’s water reform agenda. Prof Alex Ford, a biologist at the University of Portsmouth and one of the study’s authors, said: “If there was an oil spill in the Solent that industry would have to pay for the restoration of those habitats, but that doesn’t happen with sewage.” Future Outlook The EU is moving towards a blanket PFAS ban, probably with some exceptions for medicine and other critical uses. The British government said it would consult on setting limits for the chemicals and carry out further tests when its own PFAS plan was published in February, promising a “framework … to understand where these chemicals are coming from, how they spread and how to reduce public and environmental exposure”.

The Family's Mission to Save the Glutinous Snail Ian Hughes and his son, Ben, are driving through the hills of north Wales with an array of homemade animal artefacts. They finally reach Llyn Tegid – Bala Lake, where, knee-deep in the water, Ian brandishes two glutinous snails. The snails have been driven to extinction in England by poor water quality. Pollutants from agriculture and industry have ruined their habitats in ponds, ditches, lakes, and streams. The lake in Gwynedd hosts the last remaining wild population of glutinous snails in Britain. The Conservation Efforts Hughes has dedicated more than a decade to conserving the tiny mollusc and other rare species. This year, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has listed the snail as one of the threatened species that will benefit from a £60m government funding boost. With the funding, the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums will receive support to build ark populations of the glutinous snail, while the Freshwater Habitats Trust hopes to use new resources to find locations suited to wild reintroductions. The Impact of Conservation Hughes's passion for invertebrates extends to convincing other people to care about them. He writes children's books, which Ben illustrates, about the species he has studied, and the pair sell T-shirts showcasing their wildlife drawings. Ben says, 'Well, why do we matter? We're part of a huge living system. If you take a cog out of a machine, it doesn't work any more.' The Future of the Glutinous Snail Now, Hughes hopes the Defra funding will help the conservation efforts he has long championed. The goal is to keep the snails moving and preserve their population. By continually moving snails from one container to another, Hughes and his family aim to prevent the water from becoming polluted and ensure the survival of the species.

Lead: A Milestone Reflection on Climate ActionIn its 250th edition, the Guardian's Down to Earth newsletter pauses to assess how the world's fight against climate change has unfolded since the high‑water mark of Cop26 in Glasgow, 2021.Looking Back: Cop26’s Promise and the Five‑Year Journey2021‑2022: Nations pledged to limit warming to 1.5°C, set net‑zero targets and pledged to phase out coal.2022‑2023: The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Iran‑oil conflict drove crude prices above $100 /barrel, exposing fossil‑fuel vulnerabilities.2024‑2025: Populist governments rolled back environmental regulations, while renewable technology became cheaper and more widespread.Numbers That Matter: Public Awareness and Emissions GapsThe “Covering Climate Now” survey found that 80‑89 % of the global public recognise the climate threat and demand government action.Current national plans still point to a projected warming of about 2.8 °C, well above the agreed target.Renewable energy costs have fallen by roughly 70 % since 2020, making clean power “cheap, widely available and overwhelmingly popular.”Why the Momentum Slowed: Geopolitics, Economics and PopulismWar‑driven spikes in oil prices, the re‑election of climate‑skeptical leaders and the rise of populist rhetoric have eroded the optimism that surrounded Cop26, pushing many countries to backtrack on commitments.What Lies Ahead: Hopeful Trends and Persistent ChallengesDespite setbacks, advances in clean‑tech, growing public pressure and emerging green‑economy initiatives suggest a pathway forward, but the intertwined climate‑biodiversity‑economy crises demand coordinated global action.

The Journey to Rogun: A Nation's AmbitionThe road to Rogun Dam from Tajikistan's capital Dushanbe winds through rocky hills and small villages, offering a glimpse into the challenging terrain where this monumental project is taking shape. For Tajikistan, a nation familiar with winter power outages and harsh geography, the Rogun Dam represents more than just infrastructure—it's a promise of energy security and economic independence.The Engineering Marvel: Taming the Vakhsh RiverThe $5 billion Rogun project, originally launched in the mid-1970s to address Tajikistan's chronic energy shortages, has been described by President Emomali Rahmon as a matter of 'life or death.' The dam is being constructed on extremely difficult terrain, requiring complex engineering solutions including access roads, excavation, transportation challenges, and river control systems.A Subterranean Network: The Hidden InfrastructureRogun is not merely a concrete wall holding back water but an entire network of tunnels, diversions, canals, and facilities beneath and around the mountain. The project includes hydraulic tunnels ranging from 1,100 to 1,500 meters in length and an underground power station housing six units designed to harness the power of the Vakhsh River.The Power Generation: From Water to ElectricityAt the heart of the project are massive turbines that will convert the movement of water into electricity. Once completed, the dam will stand 335 meters high, making it one of the tallest in the world, with a power plant capable of producing approximately 3,600 megawatts of electricity—enough to potentially transform Tajikistan's energy landscape and allow for power exports to neighboring countries.The National Dream: Project of the CenturyFor Tajikistan, Rogun has become the 'Project of the Century'—a gamble on the nation's geography to turn adversity into strength. While the project offers tremendous potential benefits, it also carries significant risks requiring massive funding, meticulous management, stringent safety guarantees, and careful balance with downstream countries in the sensitive regional water system.