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The Bridge Between Art and ScienceWhy do we find things beautiful? More precisely, why do some paintings of coloured dots in rippling patterns inspire in me something like revelation? The idea that beauty is the feeling you get when encountering truth is unfashionable in the arts, but lingers in the sciences. The physicist Paul Dirac once proposed that it is more important that a formula is beautiful than that it can be proven: when a perfectly beautiful theory produces results that cannot be real, he argued, then we should not discard the theory but reconsider what is real.Since the 1970s, Terry Winters has been rebuilding that bridge between art and science. Taking inspiration from disciplines including botany – his early paintings, particularly, evoke sprouting pods and tangled roots – engineering, computer modelling and cybernetics, his paintings might be understood as diagrammatic approximations of the patterns that govern everything from the division of cells to the constellation of stars. If every era has to renew its standards of beauty to reflect new understandings of how the world is constructed, then Winters comes as close to providing that model as any living painter.Mathematical Patterns in Visual ArtThese eight new works take their titles from the language of geometry and mathematics: Area, Array, Field, Locus, Point, Scope, Sequence and Set. Each is composed of overlapping patterns that pull each other out of shape according to invisible laws of attraction and repulsion. Field is indicative: on a sooty pink ground, a dense grid of dusty blue cells bends inwards like a trampoline beneath a bowling ball, while an intersecting arrangement of larger circles swells outwards. The disorienting effect of this push-pull is exaggerated by an optical illusion, created by ragged phosphorescent orange haloes around the blue circles, that makes them appear to be craters sunk into the crust of paint. You have to walk up to the surface to be reassured that it is flat.Point shows a teeming landscape of cells bulging outwards at the centre, as if a scum of frogspawn had been skimmed off a pond and placed under a paperweight microscope. In Sequence, a storm of pink interference skims through a yellow circle split like a brain into hemispheres, while a nebulous weather system sweeps in from the right. In Scope, vaguely symbolic arrangements of freshwater blue and desert orange nodules move across the familiar circle-within-a-square geometry of Leonardo's Vitruvian Man. Where that famous demonstration of sacred geometries exudes stillness and calm, the systems that run through Winters' worlds are wild and strange. Here, as much importance is given to the subjective factors of perception and consciousness as the objective principles of logic and proportion.Optical Illusions and Sensory ExperienceAll of this should not distract from the pure sensory pleasure afforded by these pictures. In Locus, another optical illusion seems to lift the red edge of the painting off the canvas like a clumsy wooden frame, squeezing the pockmarked sphere at its centre so that it balloons outwards, threatening to burst. The same cadmium red, so sandy that the pigment seems barely to have been suspended in oil, turns carmine pockets into rock formations that climb off the surface of Set. These sleights of hand evoke the more secular movement of op art, in which patterns are manipulated to exploit the idiosyncrasies of human perception rather than to uncover deeper truths. Which begs the question: is this all just a conjuring trick?Rediscovering the Renaissance ApproachThere is something magical about these works. Even though Winters is generally credited with having extended the lineage of modernist American painting into the present, his practice is in this sense pre-modern. In its rejection of the idea that art should be separated from science, it resembles the Renaissance attitude according to which painting is no less a tool for understanding the world than mathematics, and magic is just the name for things we don't yet understand. His commitment to synthesising diverse spheres of knowledge, his alchemist's commitment to materials, and his sheer technical ability certainly mark him out in a scene recently overwhelmed by chancers and charlatans, bandwagoners and snake-oil salesmen. That his work is enjoying a revival might be taken as an encouraging sign.Beauty as a Path to TruthDirac, incidentally, was proved right. He formulated a theory that was so beautiful it couldn't possibly be wrong, even though it implied the existence of phenomena that everyone agreed must be impossible. He stood by it, and a few years later, someone else discovered anti-matter. Winters' paintings likewise offer a flash of those secret patterns that underpin the physical world, and which science has yet to illuminate. Which is to say, they're beautiful.Exhibition DetailsTerry Winters: Along the River is at Modern Art, London, until 11 July

Derby 2026: Overview of the FieldThe 2026 Epsom Derby features a deep and diverse field, with a mix of proven Group performers and outsiders bought for modest sums. Rain‑softened ground at Epsom adds an extra variable, potentially rewarding stamina‑rich pedigrees and horses that have thrived on heavy turf.Form Guide: Individual Horse ProfilesAction – Trainer/jockey: Aidan O’Brien/Wayne Lordan, stall 11. Timeform rating 125, odds 25-1. Pedigree: Frankel / Gossamer Wings (Scat Daddy). Recent form: half‑length second to Hawk Mountain in the Group One Futurity on heavy ground; credible second in the Dante Stakes.Alderman – Trainer/jockey: Richard Hannon/Pat Dobbs, stall 6. Timeform rating 97p, odds 250-1. Pedigree: Study Of Man / Alagappa (Archipenko). Recent form: fourth‑and‑a‑quarter lengths behind Water To Wine at Newbury in a maiden.Ancient Egypt – Trainer/jockey: Charlie Johnston/David Egan, stall 10. Timeform rating 123p, odds 16-1. Pedigree: Frankel / Atone (Oasis Dream). Recent form: winner of the Newmarket Stakes; previously well‑beaten in the Royal Lodge Stakes.Taste Of Glory – Trainer/jockey: Andrew Balding/Jamie Spencer, stall 7. Timeform rating 105, odds 300-1. Pedigree: Soldier Hollow / Aothea (Areion). A €20k purchase, reminiscent of past long‑shot Derby runners.Balzac – Trainer/jockey: Jane Chapple‑Hyam/Silvestre de Sousa, stall 2. Timeform rating 112, odds 150-1. Pedigree: Japan / Brit Wit (High Chaparral). Only win in an all‑weather maiden; recent defeats in the Blue Riband Trial and at Lingfield.Bay Of Brilliance – Trainer/jockey: Ralph Beckett/Hector Crouch, stall 9. Timeform rating 128p, odds 16-1. Pedigree: New Bay / Incroyable (Singspiel). Strong performance in the Lingfield Trial, narrowly beaten by Maltese Cross.Benvenuto Cellini – Trainer/jockey: Aidan O’Brien/Ryan Moore, stall 12. Timeform rating 130p, odds 9-4. Pedigree: Frankel / Newspaperofrecord (Lope De Vega). Convincing trial win; favourite with a solid pedigree.Christmas Day – Trainer/jockey: Aidan O’Brien/Ronan Whelan, stall 5. Timeform rating 125p, odds 25-1. Pedigree: Camelot / Beauly (Sea The Stars). Third in the Dante Stakes after a strong Ballysax Stakes win.Timeform Ratings, Odds and Market ValuationThe market places Benvenuto Cellini at the forefront with 9-4 odds, reflecting his high Timeform rating of 130p. Close behind are Bay Of Brilliance (16-1, rating 128p) and Ancient Egypt (16-1, rating 123p). Long‑shot entries such as Alderman and Taste Of Glory carry odds of 250-1 and 300-1 respectively, underscoring the depth of the field.Strategic Implications for Trainers and the Epsom MeetingRecent rain at Epsom favours horses with proven stamina on soft ground, benefitting runners like Action and Bay Of Brilliance who have performed well on heavy turf. Trainers with multiple entries (Aidan O’Brien fields three runners) can employ tactical pacesetting, potentially using Action as a rabbit to benefit his stablemates.Predicted Scenarios and Post‑Derby OutlookWhile Benvenuto Cellini remains the statistical favourite, the race could be decided by ground conditions, with a possible upset from Ancient Egypt or Bay Of Brilliance if the soft going persists. A strong showing from any long‑shot would boost the market for future Group races, especially the St Leger and the Prix du Jockey Club, where connections may target their Derby‑placed horses.

The LeadJeremy Coney recalls the 1986 New Zealand cricket team's historic series win in England, highlighting how they turned England captain Mike Gatting's "Ilford Seconds" insult into motivation. This semi-professional team of teachers, laborers, and even a gravedigger became the first New Zealand side to win a Test series in England.The Underdog SpiritThe New Zealand team, consisting of only three professional players, embraced the "Ilford Seconds" nickname after Gatting's remark that batting against them was like facing a "World XI at one end and Ilford Second XI at the other." Rather than being demoralized, the team ordered T-shirts with "Ilford Seconds" emblazoned on the front and used the insult as motivation throughout the tour.The Team CompositionWith players ranging from teachers and laborers to John Bracewell, a gravedigger from Dunedin, the New Zealand team was a far cry from the professional outfits of their opponents. Despite their unprofessional status on paper, they had already achieved historic victories against Australia at home and away, demonstrating their capabilities.The Turning PointThe series turned on an incident involving England's Phil Edmonds and a distracting wristwatch. After Martin Crowe successfully asked Edmonds to remove his watch, Jeremy Coney playfully asked the umpire to have Edmonds put it back on, claiming the "translucent patch on his wrist was dazzling him." This incident exemplified the team's ability to maintain focus while enjoying the game.The LegacyForty years later, Jeremy Coney reflects on how the team's "bloody hard" and "bloody well" approach to cricket defied expectations. The team's victory remains a significant moment in New Zealand cricket history, showcasing how a group of determined amateurs could overcome professional opposition through heart, skill, and team spirit.

The Lead Tehran, Iran – In the popular Bastan market in the west of the Iranian capital, where the inviting smell of fresh bread and fruit mingle with the sight of colourful fabrics and clothing, the scene no longer holds its usual joy. Passersby wander among the vendors' stalls, carefully turning goods over only to return them to their places. Everyday Survival in a Hyperinflation Economy "Daily shopping trips have turned into something resembling a reconnaissance mission to find out the new prices," says Mashhadi Firouz, a 63-year-old retiree. "A year ago, a kilo of rice was about 1.8 million rials ($1.31), but today it has crossed the 5-million-rial ($3.63) threshold." Similarly, a bottle of cooking oil has increased from 700,000 rials ($0.51) to more than 3 million rials ($2.18). Fatima, 46, a housewife and mother of three, explains: "I now go to the market three times a week instead of once, not because I need anything, but to see if there is a seller who has goods at a lower price." She adds, "Red meat has become a dream, chicken has become a mere guest on our table, and I have even started counting eggs one by one." The Economic Statistics Behind the Crisis A new report by the Central Bank of Iran revealed a historic jump in the annual inflation rate, reaching 77.2 percent year-on-year in the period between April 21 and May 20, with a monthly increase of 8.5 percent. Furthermore, point-to-point inflation for goods reached 113 percent. This is Iran's highest inflation rate since 1942, during World War II. The Perfect Economic Storm Arman Khaleghi, head of Iran's Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Mines, points to what he describes as a "perfect economic storm" of five factors that have all poured down simultaneously on the Iranian economy. These include: the elimination of the preferential currency, protests at the beginning of the year, the [US-Israeli] "Ramadan War," annual increases in wages and energy prices, and finally the naval blockade that hindered import and export chains. War's Impact on Consumer Behavior "With the outbreak of the war, people rushed to hoard basic goods, such as food and detergents," explains Khaleghi. "Demand jumped despite there being no real shortage in the markets, and this feverish rush alone is enough to drive up prices." The damage inflicted on primary industries, led by petrochemicals, has driven up packaging costs for the food, pharmaceutical and detergent industries, transmitting the contagion of inflation from the factory to the store shelf. The Maritime Blockade's Effect The maritime blockade has made travelling to Iran a perilous mission for cargo ships. "Even the mere news of a ship being targeted immediately raises prices, let alone the existence of actual difficulties and palpable shortages that have forced the search for more expensive alternative land routes," states Khaleghi. The Wage Paradox "The decision to raise wages and salaries was intended to compensate for the effects of the removal of the preferential currency rate and to preserve the purchasing power of the working class," explains Khaleghi. "However, the increase, which seemed substantial on paper, proved entirely insufficient in reality. The result is a sharp decline in real purchasing power, which begins by devouring household savings, then preys on health, medical, and education budgets, until it ultimately impacts daily sustenance." The Vicious Cycle of Economic Decline Khaleghi warns of a vicious cycle closing in on the economy: "We are in a situation where the state itself is bearing the brunt of the economic slowdown. Tax revenues, which were supposed to offset part of the cost of the preferential currency reforms, are also shrinking. Thus, we are faced with an impossible equation: the citizen's income is melting away, the state's income is eroding, and prices continue to soar to heights unseen in decades." Standing on the Edge of an Economic Iceberg "You would think the market is alive, but it is clinically dead," says Reza, 47, a shop owner. "People come here because the market is the last free place for entertainment. They wander aimlessly, remembering the days when they used to enter shopping malls and leave with bags that filled their car trunks." Mahmoud, 37, a lecturer at a private university, offers a historical perspective: "The country used to cover its wounds with petrodollars, and now that the effect of the anaesthetic has worn off, all the ailments have surfaced at once." He adds, "What worries me is not just the price hikes, but the experts' estimates of the consequences of flawed economic policies that have not yet emerged, because they have effectively hidden behind the noise of the war. This means we are standing on the edge of an iceberg; what we see now is only the tip."

The Lead: Trump's Legal Team Rejects BBC Financial Disclosure RequestDonald Trump's legal team has rejected a request by the BBC to hand over financial information as part of his $10bn defamation case against the broadcaster. The US president's lawyers accused the BBC of a "fishing expedition," according to court filings, after the broadcaster's representatives asked for details to get evidence on Trump's claims he suffered reputational and financial damage by a Panorama documentary centred on the US Capitol riots.The Event Details: BBC Documentary and Editing ControversyTrump accused the BBC of "intentionally, maliciously, and deceptively doctoring" a speech he gave on 6 January 2021, before the unrest in Washington in which thousands marched and broke into the US Congress. The BBC had spliced together two parts of a speech made by Trump, as part of the documentary broadcast in October 2024. Four people died on the day, with five police officers dying afterwards, including from suicide.The Financial Impact: $10bn Lawsuit and Asset Disclosure BattleAccording to the court documents lodged in Miami, Florida, in May, the BBC had asked for financial papers on the Donald J Trump Revocable Trust, which holds the president's business interests and assets. Lawyers had asked for records that would show its income, assets, and properties held. It also listed hundreds of companies that fall under the trust's remit. In response Trump's Florida-based lawyers Brito PLLC said the request was "disproportionate" and "encompasses individuals and entities that have no connection to the issues in dispute".The Impact Analysis: Legal Maneuvering and Media Freedom ConcernsThe dispute centres over a broadcast of the BBC's flagship documentary series on the Capitol riots. A clip in the broadcast suggested Trump told the crowd: "We're going to walk down to the Capitol and I'll be there with you, and we fight. We fight like hell." However, the words were taken from separate parts of his speech almost an hour apart. The BBC later retracted it and apologised, saying it would not be shown again. Trump's lawyers have previously argued the BBC's documentary caused him "direct harm" to his "brand, properties and business".The Prediction: Ongoing Legal Battle and Potential PrecedentsIn March the BBC asked a US court to throw out the lawsuit as it would have a "chilling effect" on its reporting of the president. In court filings it denied it had damaged his reputation as it aired shortly before his re-election, and was not shown in the US. BBC lawyers argued as it was not broadcast in the US, or in Florida, the court had no jurisdiction to hear the case. The dismissal claim is still ongoing. The Financial Times reported that the Trump team had attempted to delay the case and requested a change in judge. In a statement to the FT, a spokesperson for Trump's legal team said the BBC had "intentionally and maliciously defamed" the president "by distorting and manipulating his speech". "No amount of attempted legal manoeuvres can change that fact," the spokesperson added. "President Trump will continue to hold accountable the BBC and all those who traffic in fake news." The BBC said it had no comment.

The Punk Revolution That Changed Music ForeverFifty years ago this week, the Sex Pistols played their first Manchester gig at the city's Lesser Free Trade Hall. This relatively small event, attended by only a few dozen people, marked the beginning of a summer that would forever change British rock music. By the end of 1976, the music landscape had been completely transformed with the live debuts of the Clash, the Damned, and Buzzcocks, the arrival of fanzine Sniffin' Glue, and the first British gig by the Ramones. This punk explosion would ultimately obliterate everything that came immediately before it from the collective memory.The Forgotten Music Landscape of Pre-Punk BritainThe musical world that punk entered into has been largely forgotten in the shadow of its revolutionary impact. Reading the weekly music papers from 1976 reveals a deeply different landscape than what we imagine today. While familiar names like Elton John, Paul McCartney, Queen, the Who, and the Rolling Stones dominated, they were discussed in terms that now seem alien. An NME cover asked "Is Your Fave Rave Rock Star Old Enough To Be Your Father?" beneath the headline "All The People On This Page Will Be 30 Or Over During The Next Year - How Will They Live With It?" - a question that seems quaint given these artists' continued relevance decades later.The Economics of a Pre-Punk Music IndustryThe financial aspects of the pre-punk music industry present striking contrasts to today's market. The Rolling Stones' spring tour tickets that caused public hand-wringing in 1976 cost £3, equivalent to approximately £30 in today's money. This stands in stark contrast to the Stones' 2022 Hyde Park performance, where getting close to the stage would have cost £186. The industry was also experiencing different economic pressures, with Bruce Springsteen's UK promotion attempts being dismissed as "desperate hype around underwhelming music," while Nils Lofgren was being hyped as "one of the biggest stars in the world" based on his second solo album.The Cultural Shift That Punk RepresentedPunk's emergence represented a profound cultural shift in music and society. The movement wasn't just musical but ideological, challenging the perceived irrelevance of mainstream rock. As Mick Farren wrote in NME, rock had "lost its guts" and was "on an unalterable course to a neo-Las Vegas" because artists were "totally insulated from the real world." Punk's raw energy, DIY ethos, and anti-establishment stance provided a direct counterpoint to this perceived artistic complacency. The movement's impact extended beyond music, influencing fashion, politics, and youth culture in ways that continue to resonate.The Legacy of Punk and Its Forgotten VictimsAs we look back on punk's legacy, it's important to acknowledge the artists and bands who were effectively erased by its meteoric rise. The music press of 1976 was filled with names now largely forgotten: the Jess Roden Band, Nasty Pop, the Cate Brothers, and Elephunt. There was also a peculiar vogue for bands mixing music and comedy, such as Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias and Supercharge, who apparently reduced audiences to stitches with their impersonations of popular acts. These artists and countless others represent the rich, diverse musical ecosystem that punk's revolution temporarily obscured, though some have since been rediscovered by music historians and crate diggers.

The Climate Policy Reversal in Blue States Democratic-led states are eroding their climate policies, as red states are scaling up their clean energy deployment. California on Friday scaled back its cap-and-invest program, offering more than $3bn in free pollution allowances to polluting companies. Earlier the same week, New York weakened its groundbreaking climate law, delaying a plan to regulate carbon from 2024 until 2028 and reducing emissions-slashing targets. Rhode Island's governor, meanwhile, is attempting to roll back aggressive clean-energy programs. The Economic Justification vs. Climate Imperative The moves come as Donald Trump's administration withdraws clean energy incentives and energy savings programs, and as energy prices spike across the country amid trade disruptions stemming from the US-Israeli war on Iran. Proponents have said the changes are necessary to suppress electricity costs, but climate advocates say that view is short-sighted and misguided. "Using affordability as a cudgel to weaken climate policy is a major error that will not solve either crisis, ultimately amplifying both," said Johanna Bozuwa, executive director of the Climate and Community Institute, a left-leaning thinktank. "Extreme weather and fossil-fuel dependency directly inflate costs – for food, energy, transportation, housing, and health – across the economy for working people." American Public Opinion on Climate Change Polls show most Americans are concerned about the climate crisis. An annual poll from Gallup, published in April, shows that 44% of American adults say they worry "a great deal" about global warming – one of the highest levels of concern since 1989, when the poll was first conducted, behind only 2020 and 2017. About 65% of registered voters in the US also think global heating is driving up the cost of living, according to a report published in December by Yale University and George Mason University. Red States Lead Clean Energy Buildout In contrast to many Democratic-led jurisdictions, red states have tended to dominate renewable energy deployment in recent years. In terms of growth of utility-scale renewables, states that voted for Donald Trump in the 2024 presidential election made up eight of the top 10 in the year to March, according to Energy Information Administration data. Indiana tops the list of states with the most clean energy capacity growth in that timeframe, followed by Kentucky and Utah. More broadly, though, it is Texas that has emerged as the country's leading clean energy superpower, despite its strong ties to the oil and gas industry and unsuccessful attempts within the Republican-led legislature to curb the growth of wind and solar. Texas leads the country in wind energy production, followed by fellow red states Iowa, Oklahoma and Kansas, and in March overtook California in utility-scale solar, too. The Paradox of Climate Leadership Meanwhile, the states scaling back their emissions-cutting policies have long called themselves climate leaders. When Governor Gavin Newsom of California extended his state's cap-and-invest program last year, he said: "We're doubling down on our best tool to combat Trump's assaults on clean air … by making polluters pay for projects that support our most impacted communities." The changes could end up giving more money to the fossil fuel producers and distributors who have been increasing consumers' energy prices amid the Iran war, said Bahram Fazeli, Policy Director with Communities for a Better Environment, a grassroots organization in California. "There's no reason to think that giving them more free allowances will actually help motivate them to lower gas prices more," he said. Long-Term Economic Implications New York advocates are also skeptical about whether the weakening of the 2019 Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act – which the state touted as among the strongest climate laws the country – will deliver long-term benefits. The state legislature last week reached a deal with Governor Kathy Hochul to remove a 2030 mandate to cut planet-warming pollution by 40% from 1990 levels, instead including language to aim for a 60% by 2040 if it is "feasible and cost effective" to do so. "Even though you might see bill savings initially, that's going to come at the cost of locked-in, higher energy costs in the future, as the grid has to procure more energy that would otherwise have been saved," Anna Johnson, a senior policy manager State at American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, told Baltimore's NPR affiliate WYPR; she estimates that the moves could ultimately increase households' electricity costs by $592m. The True Cost of Inaction The climate crisis itself also costs for working people, said Mar Zepeda Salazar, legislative director of the national environmental justice coalition Climate Justice Alliance. "You can lower costs on paper by weakening protections, but the bill still comes due," she said. "It just shows up in emergency rooms, insurance premiums, utility bills, lost wages, and disaster recovery – that families pay, not industry."

The Lead: WWDC 2026 Anticipation Builds As Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference, WWDC 2026, approaches, excitement is building around what Apple has in store for us this year. From Siri's overhaul to new Apple Intelligence updates, there's a lot to look forward to. Siri's Major AI Upgrade and Standalone App The most anticipated announcement is a major AI upgrade to Siri, transforming it into a more conversational assistant capable of understanding context, handling multi-step tasks, and interacting more naturally across apps and services. The revamped Siri will leverage Google's Gemini technology to enhance its capabilities. Additionally, recent leaks from Bloomberg have unveiled a standalone Siri app that aims to compete with advanced AI chatbots like ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini. Apple may also introduce a feature reminiscent of messaging apps, enabling users to set timers for automatically deleting conversations after 30 days, a year, or keeping them indefinitely. Apple Intelligence Updates According to The Information, Apple plans to introduce an AI agent integration with the app store. While details are scarce, agents allow users to delegate tasks such as booking reservations, managing everyday tasks, editing documents, or controlling smart home devices. Camera and Photos App Enhancements A new 'Visual Intelligence' section is anticipated to be introduced within the Camera app, taking the place of the previous Visual Intelligence feature found in the Camera Control button. This upgrade will introduce a dedicated Siri mode that exists next to options like Photo, Video, Portrait, and Panorama. The Visual Intelligence feature leverages Google Image Search to accurately identify objects captured by the user. In addition, the Photos app is set to receive exciting enhancements powered by Apple Intelligence. These may include intelligent scene recommendations for optimizing photos, automatic object removal for cleaner images, and an innovative AI photo editing feature that allows users to request edits simply by using natural language. Other Expected Updates Apple is set to upgrade the Image Playground app, introducing higher-quality image generation, more artistic styles, better character consistency, and richer editing controls. The interface for creating new images will be simplified, offering fewer controls and a 'describe a change' option for editing. Additionally, we might see a suggested Genmoji feature that proposes custom emojis based on users' media and text interactions. Users may also be able to generate AI wallpapers that reflect various themes and moods. Notable updates are rumored to be coming to the Wallet app, particularly a new bill-splitting feature that will simplify sharing expenses among friends or family. Users will be able to photograph a receipt and generate payment requests to different parties effortlessly. Alongside this, the Wallet app will also include a 'Create a Pass' option that enables users to generate digital passes from physical items such as movie tickets, concert passes, or gym membership cards. The Future of AI-Powered Siri Apple is expected to enhance its AI-powered Siri experience across its devices, as well as likely incorporate more AI features and stability updates.

Scientific Consensus Reaffirmed as Flawed Vaccine Studies RetractedThree scientific papers that raised questions about vaccine safety and were used by the Trump administration to justify controversial changes to US vaccine policies have recently been removed, retracted, or placed under investigation by the journals that published them. This development comes as public health officials across the US report a rise in vaccine-preventable diseases such as whooping cough and measles, which many experts attribute to growing vaccine hesitancy fueled by misinformation.The Three Studies Under ScrutinyThe three papers shared a common theme: the claim that vaccinated children had a greater risk of health problems than unvaccinated children. However, all three have been roundly criticized for using poor methodologies and analyses.A 2021 paper by Neil Z Miller in Toxicology Reports suggested a link between vaccines and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This paper has since been removed by the journal.A 2020 paper by Miller and Brian S Hooker published in Sage Open Medicine suggested vaccinated children had higher rates of certain health problems like developmental delays and asthma. This paper now has an expression of concern attached and is under investigation.A 2010 paper by Carolyn M Gallagher and Melody S Goodman in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health found boys vaccinated for Hepatitis B in their first four weeks of life were more likely to be diagnosed with autism. This paper has been retracted.Robert F Kennedy Jr, the US health secretary who has been a leader in the anti-vaccine movement for decades, relied on two of these studies for his 2023 book "Vax-Unvax: Let the Science Speak," which argued unvaccinated children were healthier than vaccinated children. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cited the Gallagher/Goodman paper when it changed its long-held position that vaccines do not cause autism, directly contradicting scientific consensus.Rising Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Public Health ImpactPublic health officials and physicians across the US are reporting a concerning rise in vaccine-preventable diseases. Scientists argue that these three studies have been used by the anti-vaccine movement to plant seeds of doubt with parents, eroding confidence in the safety of life-saving vaccines."People and organizations intent on spreading vaccine misinformation have been very savvy in their misuse of scientific terms, such as 'gold-standard science,' and publishing flawed studies to give their claims the appearance of credibility and confuse the public," said Dr Karina Top, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Alberta. "These papers are poor science, it appears the authors are making the data fit their hypothesis that vaccines are harmful."The impact of these flawed studies extends beyond academic debate. The CDC's change in position on vaccines and autism, influenced by the Gallagher/Goodman paper, has contributed to public confusion about vaccine safety. Similarly, the Miller/Hooker study has been cited by anti-vaccine lawyer Aaron Siri in presentations to federal vaccine advisory committees, potentially influencing policy decisions.Shifting Vaccine Policy Landscape Under the Trump AdministrationThe Trump administration, led by Health Secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr, has cited these controversial studies to justify significant changes to US vaccine policies. The administration has moved away from long-standing scientific consensus on vaccine safety, with the CDC modifying its website to suggest that studies supporting a link between vaccines and autism have been "ignored by health authorities.""They have a strong opinion about what is true. And then they go looking for whatever scrap of low-quality evidence they can find to support that opinion," said Morgan McSweeney, a scientist who posts as Dr.Noc. "If that finding supports the story that they believe, they're willing to overlook data points from hundreds of thousands or millions of children and go with the one that fits their story."The delayed action by journals has allowed these studies to influence public perception and policy for years. In some cases, the retraction or removal occurred years after scientists first raised alarms about the studies' scientific merits, during which time the anti-vaccine movement continued to cite them as evidence of vaccine dangers.Future of Vaccine Science and Policy in QuestionThe retraction of these studies raises important questions about the future of vaccine science and policy in the US. The scientific community is calling for more rigorous peer review processes and quicker responses to concerns about flawed research, particularly when such research has potential public health implications."Top called for the publisher and editors to conduct a thorough review of the peer review process and their response to the previous complaints, and to commit to improving the timeliness of their response in future," the article notes, suggesting that the scientific publishing community may need to reform its approach to controversial studies with potential public health impacts.As the US continues to grapple with rising rates of vaccine-preventable diseases, the retraction of these studies may mark a turning point in the public conversation about vaccine safety. However, the damage done by years of misinformation may be difficult to reverse, requiring sustained efforts from public health officials, scientists, and medical professionals to rebuild trust in vaccines and the scientific process.