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The Discovery of a Matrilineal Society About an hour southeast of Konya lies one of the most exciting Neolithic finds of the 20th century – the densely populated settlement of Catalhoyuk. Occupied for 1,000 years from about 7000 to 6000 BC, Catalhoyuk has drawn archaeologists since its discovery in 1958 as they have tried to piece together how its society worked. The Settlement's Unique Structure Catalhoyuk, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is possibly the world’s first city with clusters of buildings, agricultural production, rituals and even ornamentation. The homes in Catalhoyuk were built directly on top of one another. Excavations have found about 18 layers of construction, leading to a theory that its inhabitants filled in the lower level of buildings, demolished any structures above them and built new homes on top. Indications of a Matrilineal Society A recent genomics study published in the journal Science revealed that Catalhoyuk’s gender dynamics made it unique among European Neolithic settlements. The study’s authors estimated that 70 to 100% of the time, female offspring remained connected to buildings, in contrast to other European Neolithic communities, which were patrilineal and patrilocal. The Significance of Matrilocality The discovery centres around matrilocality, the fact that women remained in their homes while males were more likely to move away when they reached adulthood. This is in contrast to the patrilocal and patrilineal patterns seen in most Neolithic communities in Europe and elsewhere. The Future of Archaeological Research The study examined the genomes of 131 individuals from 35 houses, a data set more extensive than any prior genomic research on Neolithic settlements in Anatolia. The findings have sparked further discussion about the role of women in ancient societies and the development of social structures.