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Breathing Earth's Ancient PastMore than 2bn years ago, during the Paleoproterozoic era, the Earth's atmosphere began to fill with free oxygen, enabling the rise of aerobic life and, ultimately, humans. This Great Oxidation Event is now being experienced firsthand by visitors to the Museum of Old and New Art (Mona) in Tasmania, where French-Swiss conceptual artist Julian Charrière has created an extraordinary installation that allows people to inhale oxygen that has been trapped in iron ore since that ancient time.When Charrière came up with the concept for what would become 'Breathe,' Mona's owner David Walsh not only approved the project but created a bespoke space for it, recognizing the unique intersection of science, art, and human experience that the installation represents.The Science Behind the Ancient OxygenThe installation is a marvel of scientific ingenuity and artistic vision. Charrière has sourced ancient iron ore from Australia's Pilbara region, which is processed daily in an on-site laboratory. The water is extracted from the ore using specialized machinery, then put through a Hofmann apparatus—a piece of scientific equipment that electrolyzes water—to liberate the trapped oxygen molecules.This pure, ancient oxygen is then released into a specially designed room where visitors can breathe it in, creating a direct connection to the beginning of life on Earth. As Charrière explains: 'I want people to get all the way back to the beginning of the earth. It's like a time machine.' The installation is designed as a solitary experience, with visitors accessing a vault-like corridor reminiscent of a mining drift, flanked by raw sandstone and lined with deep red rocks from the Pilbara.The Immense Timescale of the InstallationThe timescale involved in 'Breathe' is almost incomprehensible. The oxygen visitors inhale has been trapped in iron ore for over 2.4 billion years—since the Great Oxidation Event that transformed Earth's atmosphere and enabled the development of complex life forms. This installation literally connects each visitor to the primordial beginnings of our planet's atmosphere.As visitors walk through the tunnel, the temperature drops as they approach a high-ceilinged cylindrical room, an underground windowless tower where lighting depends on the amount of sun that can be reflected through a small opening above. Walking over tiles made of polished ancient tiger ore, they circle a floor-to-ceiling clear glass tube that houses the Hofmann apparatus. It is here, at a small opening, that visitors have their closest access to Charrière's pure, ancient oxygen.Redefining the Art-Science Experience'Breathe' represents a groundbreaking fusion of scientific methodology and artistic expression, challenging traditional boundaries between disciplines. The installation creates a profound personal experience that connects visitors not just to art, but to the very essence of life on Earth.What makes this installation particularly powerful is its claim that each visitor is the first human being to ever inhale that specific oxygen. As Charrière explains: 'You are breathing something which is so pure and has not been touched by any being before you... And the beauty of the piece is you will carry it until you die. You're going to become a small part of this installation and you become a big part of the great oxygen cycle, and you will only finally free this oxygen once... once you're going in the other world.'This installation is part of a broader trend in contemporary art that incorporates scientific processes and concepts, creating works that are both intellectually stimulating and viscerally impactful.The Future of Scientific Art Installations'Breathe' is opening alongside Charrière's major new exhibition 'Hard Core,' which showcases both the ambition and scientific curiosity of the Berlin-based artist. Individual elements of 'Hard Core' have been exhibited elsewhere in the world, including at the Venice Biennale, but the full exhibition finds its perfect home at Mona, with its exposed rock, industrial aesthetic, and fusion of science with art.As museums and galleries continue to seek innovative ways to engage audiences, installations like 'Breathe' point to a future where art and science are not just displayed together but are fundamentally intertwined in the creative process. This approach has the potential to create more immersive, educational, and thought-provoking experiences that challenge visitors to see the world—and their place in it—in new ways.Charrière's work demonstrates how art can make abstract scientific concepts tangible and personal, creating connections across vast stretches of time and space. As our understanding of the universe expands, art installations like 'Breathe' will play an increasingly important role in helping us process and relate to these profound concepts.

The Connection to Nature As a recent study revealed almost half of UK adults now spend less than three hours a week in natural settings such as gardens, parks, fields or woods, we asked readers to tell us about what being outside means to them. Personal Stories of Healing The replies – heartfelt and passionate – came flooding in, with some admitting they just did not have the words to say how important it is. “It’s my happy place, my therapy and a reason to slow down and pause during my busy week,” wrote Hannah Powell from Perrywood garden centres. “I HAVE to look at plants every day. I notice every change in the garden. I sit facing the garden for my breakfast. I look out for nature on the way to work (recently seeing a little owl, red kites, foxes, hares, and more). It helped me get better when I had burnout and FND in London. I wouldn’t (couldn’t) be without it.” The Science Behind Nature's Benefits David Lynch esaid about his love of being outside. “Anxiety levels drop, all worldly concerns are put in perspective and [I] feel younger.” He agreed with others that there was plenty of recent science explaining the health benefits, but added: “I also read about ancient wisdom of Buddhism, which advocates solitary time in nature. All sources uphold the truth that better connection with nature brings better self-awareness and increased sensitivity to the needs of our ecosystem, plus better connection with each other.” The Impact on Mental Health Isabel Romaniw, who is working towards becoming a forest bathing guide, wrote passionately about the basic human need to be outside and to connect with nature. “We are animal, a simultaneously ordinary and yet utterly remarkable part of the great, miraculous tapestry of life on Earth. We have done much to shape our world and influence the fates of almost all other species we share our world with, but we must remember that we are but a tiny chapter, perhaps a footnote, in the ongoing story of the universe, in order to start to heal the damage and repair our relationships with ourselves, with each other, with our other-than-human kin, and with our one precious home.” For Romaniw, as for many others, our disconnection with nature is closely linked to “the worsening physical, mental and spiritual health crises that seem to be going on”. Cherished Memories of Nature Many of you had wonderful memories of times outside. “I was a sickly, pasty, shy, anxious kid,” wrote Mat Jordan. “In the early 70s my parents couldn’t afford to take us to the seaside one year so we went camping in the Peak District instead. It was a revelation. I absolutely loved it. The landscape and dry-stone walls of the white peak are still a favourite, although I spent some years in my 20s living in the Lake District too. One of my favourite memories is driving out of Sheffield into the Peaks with my then baby son to get him to fall asleep and still being awe-struck at the beauty on our doorstep.”

The Royal TributeKing Charles has paid tribute to David Attenborough on his 100th birthday with a heartwarming film featuring a cast of wild animals. The film, A Very Special Delivery, showcases the king's handwritten congratulatory card being delivered to Attenborough's London home by a series of animals.The Film's JourneyThe film begins with King Charles writing his tribute in the library of Balmoral Castle. The signed card is then borne on a silver salver by a butler to a waiting Land Rover. However, disaster strikes when a fallen tree blocks the vehicle, and a relay of heroic animals takes over. A border collie called Flynn takes off with the envelope in his mouth, and a series of birds and animals, including eagles, a red squirrel, a flock of geese, an otter, a swan, a duck, a fox, and a deer, all play their part in delivering the card.The Personal ConnectionThe king's relationship with Attenborough dates back to 1958 when the then nine-year-old prince and his sister, Princess Anne, visited the set of the BBC children's programme Zoo Quest. In his card, Charles wrote: "Over those decades you have revealed the beauty and wonders of nature to audiences around the world in new and marvellous ways. In so doing, you have shared my determination to highlight the urgent need to protect and preserve this precious planet of ours – and all Life on Earth – for future generations."The Tribute's SignificanceThe film was produced by BBC Studio's natural history unit and premiered during the live gala tribute to Attenborough at the Royal Albert Hall. A Buckingham Palace spokesperson said: "His majesty was delighted to feature in this special tribute to a man who has shared his lifetime commitment to the natural world."

The Lead Scientists are now probing the inner lives of long-extinct dinosaurs like T rex by studying the skulls of birds, their direct descendants. This approach may provide clues about the behavior and cognitive abilities of these prehistoric creatures. Exploring the Connection Between Birds and Dinosaurs T rex is often depicted as more brawn than brains, but researchers are hoping to explore whether there might be telltale hints of advanced capabilities in the skull, opening up the potential to probe the lived experience of dinosaurs like T rex. Prof Steve Brusatte, a palaeontologist at the University of Edinburgh, is working with an international team of researchers to explore such possibilities. The Science Behind the Study “We can’t put T rex through those tests,” said Prof Steve Brusatte. “But if there are some distinctive features of the brain that maybe tell you with 95% confidence that the animal with that kind of brain is capable of that kind of behaviour today, then we can at least make predictions about these fossils.” The Evolutionary Link Birds are direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs and share many characteristics with them. In fact, a six-day-old quail embryo has a pelvis that looks just like the hips of a theropod like T rex. By studying the brains and behavior of birds, scientists can make educated guesses about the cognitive abilities of their dinosaur ancestors. The Future of Dinosaur Research While the approach may be a long shot, it could provide a new window into the lives of long-extinct creatures. As Brusatte notes, “Birds are survivors. They are adaptable, they evolve quickly, they change quickly.” By studying birds and their connection to dinosaurs, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of life on Earth.

The LeadMadagascar has long been celebrated for its remarkable wildlife, with the vast majority of its species found nowhere else on the planet. But when discussing the island nation's endemic treasures, fungi are often left out of the conversation, despite their critical importance to life on Earth.The Fungal Frontier"Fungi are some of the most important things in the world," says Anna Ralaiveloarisoa, a Malagasy scientist and the first homegrown mycologist in Madagascar. "They feed 90% of terrestrial plants. Without them, there is no life on the Earth." Ralaiveloarisoa is working to classify each of the 200 new species she has identified so far, though she faces significant challenges: trying to preserve mushrooms without proper infrastructure; journeying to remote spots in the jungle without reliable roads or electricity; and having no other experts to collaborate with in the country.Less than 1% of the estimated 100,000 species of fungi in Madagascar have been scientifically described, highlighting the vast unknown territory that remains to be explored.The Conservation MovementAcross the globe, protecting fungi has lagged significantly behind the conservation of plants and animals. While the first organisations dedicated to protecting birds were established in the 19th century, fungi had to wait until the 21st century. The International Society for Fungal Conservation (ISFC) was established in 2010, and the first conservation nonprofit organisation, the Fungi Foundation, was created in 2012.Since those groups were established, a global movement has emerged. The first conservation legislation to include fungi was passed in Chile in 2013. The Fungi Foundation began to champion the phrase "fauna, flora, funga" to encourage fungi's inclusion in more conservation frameworks.The African ConnectionThough the obstacles are significant, they are ones Ralaiveloarisoa shares with many mycologists in nearby nations. She is part of an emerging cohort of scientists across Africa who are pioneering the study and conservation of fungi in their home countries.Last November, many met for the first time at the International Congress on Fungal Conservation, held in Cotonou, Benin. The conference drew mycologists from 27 countries across Africa, Europe, the Americas and Asia, with several hailing from African countries where they serve as the only – or one of very few – mycologists in the nation."What an exciting time: from almost nothing 20 years ago, fungal conservation has evolved from a little-known field into a dynamic global movement," said Nourou Yorou, a mycologist who was recently named general director of the Benin Agency for Science and Innovation. "The challenge is now to plan a future where fungi are firmly placed in the conservation mainstream."The Future OutlookThe momentum behind fungal conservation continues to grow. Other organisations have formed: in 2017, North America's first fungal conservation nonprofit group, Fundis, was created; in 2021, the research organisation SPUN (Society for the Protection of Underground Networks) was cofounded by the evolutionary biologist Toby Kiers.Later this year, the "fungal conservation pledge" first proposed at the UN biodiversity meeting of Cop16 in Colombia in 2024 will be discussed again at the forthcoming biodiversity conference in Armenia. As David Minter, president of the ISFC, notes: "In 2010, it was normal not to mention fungi at all in conservation ... In the future it will look strange if fungi don't get a mention."

In the spirit of Carl Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy, a group of scientists has embarked on a mission to document the vast array of species that inhabit our planet. Through the lens of their cameras, they capture the intricate details of tiny wasps and the unique features of hairy plants, highlighting the incredible diversity of life on Earth.This photographic journey is not just about capturing images; it's about sharing a passion for biodiversity and species documentation. By doing so, these scientists aim to inspire a greater appreciation and understanding of the natural world, much like Linnaeus did centuries ago.Their work is a testament to the power of scientific research and environmental studies in promoting conservation and sustainability. Through their photographs, they provide a glimpse into the fascinating world of taxonomy and the importance of preserving our planet's ecological balance.

The most iconic sequence in wildlife filmmaking history has been revisited in a new documentary, 'A Gorilla Story: Told By David Attenborough'. The film, directed by Oscar-winning James Reed and produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, follows up on Attenborough's 1970s encounter with a family of gorillas in Rwanda. During the filming of 'Life on Earth,' Attenborough had a playful and profound encounter with the gorillas, which he described as having 'more meaning and mutual understanding in exchanging a glance with a gorilla than with any other animal I know.' The documentary reveals that while conservation efforts have led to a significant recovery of Rwanda's gorilla population, the specific family Attenborough met has undergone significant changes. The dominant silverback, Gicurasi, is aging, and a new challenger, Ubwuzu, is asserting his dominance, leading to power struggles and violence within the family. The film beautifully captures the personalities and social dynamics of the gorillas, but its short runtime of just over an hour leaves some storylines underdeveloped. Despite this, the documentary shines when Attenborough reflects on his past experiences and the gorillas he has come to know. As Attenborough approaches his 100th birthday, his appearance in the documentary adds an emotional and elegiac tone. His reflections on Pablo, a gorilla who protected his family to the end, are particularly poignant, showcasing Attenborough's ability to articulate moments with 'exactly the right weight.' 'A Gorilla Story: Told By David Attenborough' is now available on Netflix, offering a unique blend of natural history and personal reflection.