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The Lead: Costa Rica's Legal Victory for WildlifeIn a landmark decision, Costa Rica's constitutional court has ruled that the state-owned electricity company and the Ministry of Environment and Energy must take immediate action to protect howler monkeys from electrocution on uninsulated power lines. The ruling comes after years of increasing incidents linked to development in popular tourist areas and follows a nationwide campaign by conservation organizations.The Event Details: Court Mandates Power Line Safety MeasuresThe court ruled in January that the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) and MINAE had failed to implement effective measures to reduce and prevent wildlife electrocution, primarily affecting howler monkeys in the Nosara district. The government entities were given six months to implement necessary corrections to the bare wiring in power lines constructed in the area.This legal action followed the campaign "This Is NOT Pura Vida" launched by 20 conservation organizations and rescue centers, including International Animal Rescue Costa Rica (IARCR). The campaign called for urgent government action to address what has become a growing crisis for wildlife in the region.The Data Analysis: Alarming Electrocution StatisticsThe scale of the problem is significant. In 2025 alone, IARCR reported 108 electrocuted animals, with howler monkeys accounting for up to 90% of incidents. Francisco Sánchez, a veterinarian at IARCR, has observed a rise in cases over the past decade, attributing it to increased development in the area which has become popular with tourists and immigrants from the US and Europe.Nationwide, electric shock is one of the biggest causes of death among wildlife in Costa Rica—the only country thought to regularly log wildlife electrocution numbers. Between June 2022 and June 2023 alone, there were 6,262 documented cases of wildlife electrocution.The Impact Analysis: Changing Development and Wildlife CoexistenceThe court ruling could have major ramifications for wildlife protection nationwide. Gavin Bruce, chief executive of International Animal Rescue, emphasizes that while the case was built on data from the Nosara area, the problem extends throughout Costa Rica.Development in previously undisturbed forest areas has exacerbated the problem. "Now, we have new areas [of electrocutions] appearing that we didn't have in the past," says Sánchez. "This is because of the development of houses, restaurants and hotels. We are rescuing from further inside the forest."The Prediction: Global Implications and Future ProtectionAlthough this case is specific to Costa Rica, the issue represents a global challenge for wildlife conservation. Justo Martín Martín, an environmental consultant specializing in the issue for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), notes that while systematic studies are limited, evidence suggests the problem is global.Conservation groups will now monitor the implementation of the court ruling and consider how to scale these protections across the entire country. "We hope it will force Costa Rica's electricity providers to finally do what needs to be done to keep wildlife safe," says Bruce. The success of this approach could serve as a model for other countries facing similar challenges in balancing development and wildlife protection.

The Lead Pointing to a photograph of dry brown long grass hugging the shoreline, Gerardo Bolaños stands in front of a green oasis of seedlings and trees potted in black plastic bags. "This is what Playa Guiones looked like when we started in 2011," says the executive director of Costas Verdes, a Costa Rican nonprofit. The Coastal Transformation As howler monkeys growl in the background, Bolaños points to the picture next to it – an image of the same patch of land but with scores of flourishing, lush green trees. Today, he says, this is how the beach looks. The reason for the stark difference, says Bolaños, a straight-talking man with a coloured tattoo of the turquoise-browed motmot bird on his left arm, is a sustained tree-planting programme that Costas Verdes started in 2011. The Roots of Reforestation Costas Verdes was founded by then Costa Rican university student Max Tattenbach in 2009. A keen surfer, he wanted to restore the shoreline at his favourite surf spot, Playa Hermosa. "Playa Hermosa is about 6km [3.5 miles] of beach, and it only had one [area of] shade along the entire beach," says Tattenbach. "I used to go surfing there and take my then girlfriend and now wife. She didn't surf and liked to read and chill on the beach, but Playa Hermosa had no shade, so she didn't like going, and it started to become an issue. I promised her I would reforest Playa Hermosa so we could enjoy the beach." The Environmental Impact The project has transformed deforested Pacific coastlines into thriving ecosystems through a community-driven environmental project that has planted more than 100,000 native trees across 34 beaches, reviving wildlife habitats and combating decades of deforestation from cattle farming. Walk along the seafront in Nosara, over 100km further down the coast from Hermosa, and the plan appears to have paid off, with thousands of trees such as tropical almond trees, madero negro (Gliricidia sepium) and frangipani lining the trails and offering shade to beachgoers, creating a thriving ecosystem for wildlife. The Historical Context of Deforestation Bolaños, who joined the organisation as a volunteer in 2011, became project director three years later and executive director in 2024, says deforestation has changed the area's landscape. "Last century, we had great coastal forests all along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica," he says. Bolaños estimates that between the 1940s and 1970s, Costa Rica lost 70% of its forest cover, including along the Pacific coast. He puts this down to a boom in livestock farming. "Farmers burned the ecosystems and grew grass to feed the cattle. It was extremely aggressive, poorly planned," he says. "The beachfronts were devastated by cattle farming." The Future of Coastal Restoration What began as a personal quest for shade has evolved into a community-driven environmental movement with significant implications for coastal conservation. The success of Costas Verdes demonstrates how small-scale, community-led initiatives can have a substantial impact on environmental restoration, offering a model for other regions facing similar deforestation challenges. As climate change continues to threaten coastal ecosystems worldwide, the reforestation efforts in Costa Rica provide a hopeful example of how human intervention can help restore natural habitats and build resilience against environmental degradation.