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The LeadThe City watchdog has closed an investigation into the power generator Drax, after an almost 10-month review into the sourcing of wood pellets for its biomass power station. The Financial Conduct Authority said it had "reviewed thousands of pages" but that it "did not find evidence that justified any further action".The Regulatory Investigation DetailsThe regulator launched the investigation last year amid concerns that Drax, which operates its eponymous power plant in Selby, North Yorkshire, made misleading statements to the market about the origins of its biomass fuel. The FCA said on Thursday: "Our focus was on areas within our remit, specifically whether Drax's annual reports and accounts between 2021 and 2023 contained misleading statements or left out important information investors needed to know."The Financial Impact AnalysisDrax, which operates the biggest biomass power station in the UK, imports millions of tonnes of wood pellets from across the Atlantic every year and burns them to generate electricity. It has received billions of pounds in government subsidies to help hit national carbon-cutting goals. In 2025 alone, it received £999m for generating about 4.5% of Great Britain's electricity from its plant, according to the climate thinktank Ember. Shares in Drax, which are listed in London, rose by 1.2% in early trading on Thursday. The stock fell sharply when the FCA investigation opened last August.The Industry Impact AnalysisDrax argues that its biomass provides reliable renewable electricity and can help the UK's transition away from fossil fuel. However, there have been persistent claims from campaigners and scientists that the wood pellets burned at its power plant are not sourced sustainably and may be increasing carbon emissions. In 2024, Drax agreed to pay £25m after the energy watchdog Ofgem found it had failed to put "adequate data governance and controls in place" when reporting details of the type of wood historically sourced from Canada.The Future OutlookThe Drax chief executive, Will Gardiner, said in a statement that the company recognised the importance of compliance with its regulatory obligations and that it had "worked constructively with the FCA throughout this investigation." "We are pleased to see the investigation closed with no action being taken," he added. The FCA emphasized that "accurate reporting is crucial to the integrity of our markets, and vital so investors can make informed decisions," suggesting continued scrutiny of environmental claims in the energy sector.

The Uncharted Frontier Beneath the WavesThe deep ocean, defined as waters deeper than 200 metres, covers approximately 66% of the Earth's surface. Despite its vastness, it remains one of the least studied environments on the planet. Recent technological advancements, driven largely by the search for missing aircraft, have begun to peel back the layers of this midnight world, revealing a complex and alien ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in planetary health.The 'Lost World' Revealed by the MH370 SearchThe search for Malaysian Airlines flight 370 inadvertently provided humanity with the most detailed map of the southern Indian Ocean floor to date. Over three years, a multinational team scanned a swath of ocean roughly 1,500 miles long and 150 miles wide. This mapping effort uncovered a 'lost world' featuring undersea canyons, volcanic plateaux, and a single, enormous cliff taller than the Swiss Alps.Mapping Milestones: The scans revealed previously uncharted hills on abyssal plains, challenging the assumption that these areas were the flattest on the planet.Biodiversity Boom: Scientific expeditions have since identified over 1,100 new marine species, including the 'ping-pong ball sponge,' a ghost shark, and a mysterious pink jellyfish resembling a 'tiny jet plane.'The Ocean's Role as the Planet's ThermostatThe deep ocean is not merely a biological curiosity; it is the engine of global climate stability. It functions as the planet's thermostat by storing immense amounts of heat and driving the circulation of water vapour that creates weather patterns.Climate Regulation: The oceans absorb roughly 30% of the carbon dioxide we emit into the atmosphere.Oxygen Production: They generate 80% of the Earth's oxygen, though half of this remains within the ocean itself.Biomass Dominance: The twilight zone (200–1,000 metres) hosts numbers of fish in the quadrillions, with the bristlemouth being the single most abundant vertebrate on Earth.The Looming Threat of Deep-Sea MiningWhile the deep ocean remains mostly untouched by commercial fishing, it is on the cusp of industrial exploitation. The push for metals needed for batteries and microchips threatens to destroy the world's largest and strangest ecosystem before we have a chance to understand it.Historical Context: The 'azoic' theory (lifelessness below 550 metres) was debunked by the Challenger expedition (1872–1876), which also mapped ocean depths.Modern Exploration: Early pioneers like William Beebe used bathyspheres to witness bioluminescent creatures in the 1930s, a stark contrast to the industrial scale of modern threats.Balancing Resource Extraction with Scientific DiscoveryThe window of opportunity to study these unique ecosystems is closing. As nations and corporations vie for resources on the ocean floor, there is a growing risk that we will destroy the very environment that sustains the global climate before unlocking its secrets. The challenge for the coming decades will be establishing regulations that prevent the exploitation of the deep sea before its biological and climatic value is fully understood.

The Cooking Gas Crisis in AsiaIn the ramshackle lanes of a south Delhi slum, Afshana Khatoon crouched wearily on her haunches and began lighting a small pile of firewood. She had just returned from six hours spent trudging through the urban forests and dry parks of India's capital looking for kindling to turn into a makeshift stove. As the unforgiving summer heat soared above 40C, she had walked for miles, piling the sticks and fallen branches into a bundle on her head while sweat ran down her face.Just a few weeks ago, the 35-year-old had been preparing meals for her four children on a small gas stove with little fuss. But as the crisis in the Middle East has choked India's vital supplies of imported liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) – used by more than 60% of the country's population for cooking – refills have been scarce and prices have risen far beyond what is widely affordable.Return to Traditional FuelsKhatoon, like growing numbers of people in India and more widely across Asia, has been forced to cook with crude, dirty fuels such as firewood and coal in order to survive. "It already feels like hell," she said, as she bustled about, filling a pot with water. "I'm not eating properly, and I have to work much more than before. My whole day now is about collecting firewood and cooking."The return to fuels such as firewood and coal is not only deepening the economic strain of the war on ordinary civilians in countries across Asia, but raising concerns about public health, air pollution and the fragility of the energy transition.Supply Chain Disruption and Price SurgeIndia imports about 60% of its LPG needs, of which about 90% usually comes through the strait of Hormuz, the critical shipping route still blockaded amid the ongoing conflict between Iran and the US. Official data shows India's LPG consumption fell by 2.2m tonnes in April, the sharpest decline in years.As the war has dragged on, cooking gas prices in informal markets have surged. In Khatoon's dimly lit shanty, her 5kg gas canister sat empty and forlorn in the corner. She said LPG had become prohibitively expensive for her family, rising to more than four times what she used to pay. "My husband earns 400 to 500 rupees a day. We can't spend 1,000 rupees just on gas for a week," she said.While the Indian government insists there is no shortage, in a speech this week the prime minister, Narendra Modi, called on people to adopt austerity measures including limiting their use of fuel and petrol. According to the defence minister, India has petroleum gas reserves to last just 45 days.Health and Environmental ConsequencesOnce Khatoon's fire stove is lit, thick smoke rises from the flames. It stings the eyes and throat but she has no option but to breathe it in as she cooks. She put her head in her hands, admitting she felt utterly exhausted. "We just want to cook as quickly as possible," she said.The return to biomass is raising alarms about air quality in cities across the region. Solid fuels such as wood and charcoal come with a range of health and environmental risks. They emit a dangerous set of pollutants that have been linked to respiratory problems, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, strokes and heart disease.The combined effects of ambient air pollution and household air pollution are associated with 6.7 million premature deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization. Women and children, widely responsible for household chores such as cooking or collecting firewood, are the most vulnerable.Reversal of Environmental ProgressDelhi already ranks among the world's most polluted cities, and years of policy have focused on promoting cleaner fuels such as LPG and compressed natural gas to reduce emissions.Environmental activists fear years of progress toward widespread use of cleaner fuels is being reversed as the war in the Middle East drags on. With shortages deepening, authorities in Delhi have temporarily relaxed restrictions on the use of coal and firewood."When prices rise, it's the poorest who are forced to switch back to biomass," said Harjeet Singh, a climate activist and the founding director of the Satat Sampada Climate Foundation. "Biomass burning is a major source of fine particulate pollution."Future OutlookAs the conflict in the Middle East continues to disrupt global energy supplies, the health implications of reverting to traditional cooking methods across Asia are likely to worsen. Without immediate intervention to either increase LPG supplies or provide affordable alternatives, public health crises in major urban centers could escalate, potentially reversing years of progress in air quality improvement.The situation highlights the vulnerability of energy-dependent nations to geopolitical conflicts and underscores the urgent need for diversified energy sources and more resilient supply chains in the region.

According to a report by IQAir, a Swiss air quality monitoring firm, Pakistan was the world's smoggiest country in 2025 with concentrations of hazardous fine particles known as PM2.5 up to 13 times higher than the World Health Organization's (WHO's) recommended level.The report, which sourced data from 9,446 cities in 143 countries, regions and territories, found that only 13 countries and territories managed to keep their average fine particulate levels below the WHO guideline, an increase from seven in 2024.Pakistan's PM2.5 level was 67.3 microgrammes per cubic metre, significantly exceeding the WHO standard of 5 microgrammes per cubic metre. In comparison, Pakistan's average PM2.5 concentration in 2024 was 73.7 microgrammes.Prolonged exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to higher likelihoods of neurodegenerative conditions, including dementia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.Bangladesh and Tajikistan ranked second and third on IQAir's list of the most polluted countries while Chad, statistically the smoggiest country in 2024, was in fourth place in 2025.The report also noted that Loni, a city in northern India, was identified as the world's most polluted city in 2025 with average PM2.5 levels of 112.5 microgrammes per cubic metre.Globally, only 14 percent of cities met the WHO air quality standard in 2025, down from 17 percent a year earlier. The report highlighted that wildfires, driven by climate change, were a key factor behind worsening global air quality in 2025 as record levels of biomass burning in Europe and Canada released about 1,380 megatonnes of carbon.