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The Lead-Up to Ethiopia's Elections Ethiopia will head to the polls on June 1 for its first nationwide elections since the formal end of the Tigray war, a devastating two-year conflict from 2020 to 2022 that concluded with a peace agreement between the Ethiopian federal government and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF). Ethiopia at a Glance Ethiopia is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa, covering an area of 1,104,300sq km (426,400sq miles) and bordered by Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, Somalia and Djibouti. The country has sustained notable economic growth over the past two decades, with the IMF projecting a 9.2 percent expansion in 2026, the highest on the continent. Yet persistent challenges remain, including high inflation (11.7 percent as of April 2026), foreign exchange shortages, and the costly burden of post-war reconstruction. Ethiopia's Ethnic Groups The East African country is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, with more than 80 distinct groups. The Oromo are the largest, making up about 35 percent of the population, concentrated largely in the south and central regions. The Amhara are the second-largest, about 24 percent, and have historically been the politically dominant group. Other significant groups include the Somali (7 percent), in the east; the Tigrayan (6 percent), concentrated in the northern Tigray region; and the Sidama (4 percent), in the southern highlands. Armed Violence Across the Country Ethiopia has been in near-continuous conflict since 2020, across several fronts: Tigray (2020-22): Ethiopian forces (ENDF) and their allies, including Eritrean forces, fought the Tigray defence forces (TDF). Oromia (2019-present): Conflict between Oromia regional forces, the ENDF, and the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) has killed thousands of civilians. Amhara (2023-present): Amhara militias fought alongside federal troops in the Tigray war, but that alliance collapsed when the federal government reached a peace deal with the TPLF. According to Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED), an independent conflict monitor, between January 1, 2022 and May 15, 2026, more than 7,400 attacks have been recorded across the country.

The Film’s Core Concept: Turning Internet Liminality into CinemaThe Guardian review details how *Backrooms* follows architect‑turned‑store‑owner Clark (played by Chiwetel Ejiofor) as he discovers a portal to an endless maze of fluorescent‑lit, drop‑ceiling rooms. The film expands the viral “backrooms” meme—originally a series of YouTube shorts made with Blender and After Effects—into a feature‑length narrative while retaining its minimalist visual language.Production Insight: A 20‑Year‑Old Director’s Low‑Budget MasteryDirector Kane Parsons, the youngest ever to helm an A24 feature, built the original series using free software, demonstrating how low‑cost tools can generate high‑impact horror aesthetics. The movie’s production emphasizes practical set design—repeating office‑style corridors, yellow lighting, and drop ceilings—to evoke the “junkspace” described by architects like Rem Koolhaas.Financial Snapshot: A24’s Continued Investment in Indie HorrorBudget details were not disclosed, but A24’s recent horror slate averages $5‑10 million per film.Box‑office expectations align with the studio’s strategy of modest budgets paired with strong niche appeal.Why It Matters: Architecture as a New Horror FrontierThe film taps into academic concepts such as Mark Augé’s “non‑places” and Juhani Pallasmaa’s idea of architecture as mental space, positioning the built environment itself as the antagonist. By visualising bureaucratic infinity, *Backrooms* expands horror beyond monsters to the sterile, endless corridors of modern capitalism.Looking Ahead: The Future of Liminal‑Space HorrorParsons’ success suggests a growing appetite for horror that interrogates everyday environments. Expect more studios to mine internet subcultures and architectural theory, blending low‑budget VFX with philosophical storytelling to attract both genre fans and critical audiences.

The Drone Incident in RomaniaRomania and its NATO allies have reacted angrily after a Russian drone crashed into an apartment building in eastern Romania, injuring two people. The foreign ministry in Bucharest on Friday labelled the crash of the drone, part of an overnight attack aimed at Ukraine, a serious violation of international law and called on NATO to accelerate the transfer of anti-drone capabilities.The incident is just the latest incursion along the alliance's eastern flank, raising concern that the risk of an open confrontation between Russia and NATO states is rising.Technical Details of the CrashRomania said the overnight drone was tracked by radar in its airspace before crashing onto the roof of a residential building in the city of Galati. Two F-16 fighter jets and a helicopter were scrambled, as authorities issued emergency alerts to residents. Two people suffered minor injuries and several residents were evacuated after a fire was triggered by the crash.Geopolitical RamificationsThe incident is just the latest of several, as the war in Ukraine has spilled over into neighbouring NATO countries, raising fears of potential escalation. Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, as well as Finland have all reported repeated incursions into their airspace in recent months. Drone incursions sparked a government collapse in Latvia earlier this month.Shortly after the crash, Bucharest called for NATO to speed up the transfer of anti-drone capabilities. Outgoing Prime Minister Ilie Bolojan also said that Romania would, within hours, sign a contract which will give it anti-drone defences under the EU's SAFE programme.Diplomatic ResponsesOn Friday morning, Romania summoned the Russia ambassador. "We will officially communicate the consequences that this lack of responsibility on the part of the Russian Federation will have for the diplomatic relations between our countries, as well as the next steps at the European level regarding sanctions packages," Foreign Minister Oana Toiu wrote on social media.President Nicusor Dan stated that Romania will not accept that the war of aggression waged by Russia against Ukraine be transferred to its citizens, and added that he had asked the foreign ministry to present without delay a series of measures regarding the country's relationship with Russia, "proportionate to this very serious situation."International CondemnationNATO allies and others joined the chorus of anger. French Minister for European Affairs Benjamin Haddad said the incident highlighted the threat Russia poses to European security, noting that French troops are stationed in Romania."Regardless of whether it was on purpose or the result of ineptitude, Russia is still dangerous and we must defend ourselves against it," Polish Foreign Minister Radoslaw Sikorski told the Reuters news agency. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said the incident showed that "Russia's war of aggression has crossed yet another line".A NATO spokesperson also condemned "Russia's recklessness" on social media. Ukraine's Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha pledged "Ukraine stands firmly by Romania" as he branded Russia a threat to the Black Sea region and the wider European continent.Escalation ConcernsUnited Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres warned that the escalating attacks risk spiralling "out of control", with "unknown and unintended consequences". He said more civilians had been killed in the first four months of this year than during the same period in the previous three years, and called for diplomacy, immediate de-escalation and "a full and unconditional ceasefire".Concern that the war is threatening to spillover is building as Russia escalates hostilities in a bid to ward off rising political and economic pressure at home. Ukrainian forces reported that they shot down 217 drones overnight on Friday. Russia attacked with 232 drones and one ballistic missile. Hits were recorded in 14 areas, the air force said.Russia's Strategic PosturingMoscow has said it plans "systematic strikes" on Kyiv and has issued a barrage of threats at Ukraine's European allies, listing facilities in Europe that it said are involved in manufacturing drones and components for Ukraine. Moscow's Foreign Intelligence Service recently warned the Baltic nations that their NATO membership won't protect them from retaliation should they allow Ukraine to launch attacks from their territory, with analysts warning that the risk of an open confrontation between Russia and NATO states is rising.Article 5 Under ScrutinyThat heightens concern regarding NATO's Article 5 collective defence clause, which President Donald Trump has hinted the United States may not honour in some cases. However, the alliance's Secretary General Mark Rutte insisted on Friday that NATO will defend all of its territory."Russia's reckless behaviour is a danger to us all," he wrote on social media. "Last night showed yet again that the implications of their illegal war of aggression don't stop at the border." "We will continue to strengthen our deterrence and defence at home and continue our support for Ukraine as they defend against Russia's aggression," he added.

The Comeback VictoryTearful Luke Littler admitted his Premier League struggles and the boos from the crowd had made him consider walking away before he beat great rival Luke Humphries in an epic final at the O2. Littler won a nail-biting last-leg decider to regain his crown and pocket a £350,000 jackpot.The world No 1 was subjected to more pantomime booing and whistling from the 16,000 crowd at London's O2 Arena. But the 19-year-old shrugged off the jeers which have followed him around recently to reclaim the title he lost to Humphries in last year's final.The Final ShowdownIt was the third straight meeting between darts' top pair in the final, and it was Warrington thrower Littler who came from 6-3 down to edge a thriller 11-10. The match showcased the incredible skill and mental fortitude of both players as they traded blows in front of the hostile crowd.In the semi-finals, Littler had squandered six match darts as he let a 9-4 lead slip in a bad-tempered match against Gerwyn Price. There was controversy midway through the 15th leg when Price, not on a finish, scored 170 and gave the crowd the "reeling in the big fish" gesture with Littler already throwing.Humphries, 31, had seen off 2021 winner Jonny Clayton 10-9 in a see-saw second semi-final after leading 6-2, only for Clayton to roar 9-7 ahead before Humphries levelled and eventually won.The Prize and PerformanceAdd in his record-equalling six nightly wins over the 17-week marathon and Littler has raked in an eye-watering £410,000. This financial success underscores the growing commercial appeal of darts as a spectator sport.The Premier League Darts has become one of the most lucrative tournaments in the sport, with substantial prize money attracting the world's best players and creating intense competition throughout the season.Mental Fortitude Under PressureSome controversial incidents, not least an on-stage argument with Dutch opponent Gian van Veen in Manchester, left him confiding in girlfriend Faith that the crowd's reaction was getting him down. "It's been a rollercoaster," he said on stage. "The first four weeks I was at the bottom, on the fifth night I won my first night. I had to pick myself up."After Brighton, Littler revealed he had considered quitting: "I came off stage and then in Manchester, I was sat at home saying to Faith 'I don't want to do it anymore'. Just the crowd every week'. I said to her, 'I'm down bad'." The youngster then had to stop speaking as he welled up with emotion.Humphries explained: "It shows what it means to us as players, on the road for 16, 17 weeks, it's hard work." This insight into the mental challenges of professional darts highlights the pressure these athletes face.The Future of DartsLittler's victory reinforces his position as the dominant force in modern darts, particularly given his young age. His ability to perform under extreme pressure and hostile conditions suggests he could dominate the sport for years to come.The controversy surrounding crowd behavior at darts events may prompt organizers to address the issue, potentially implementing measures to ensure a more respectful environment for players while maintaining the passionate atmosphere that makes darts unique.As the sport continues to grow in popularity and financial rewards, we can expect even greater competition and higher standards of performance from players like Littler and Humphries, who are setting new benchmarks for excellence in darts.

UK Study Reveals Air Pollution's Impact on Children's Lung DevelopmentResearch shows that air pollution is slowing the lung growth of children in the UK. Scientists tracked the lung function of more than 5,000 people who were born in and around Bristol in the 1990s. Their health was assessed from birth onwards and their lungs were tested as they grew up, at eight and 15 years old and then as adults, aged 24, when their lung function should have reached its maximum.Longitudinal Study Tracks Lung Function From Birth to AdulthoodProf Ann Hansell, of the University of Leicester, who led the study, said: "Much of the evidence on health effects of air pollution relates to adults or pregnancy, but we think it's highly plausible it has impacts on growth and development of children. Those whose lungs didn't grow to maximum potential in childhood may be more vulnerable to the respiratory diseases of later life because they have a lower reserve."Dr Katie Eminson, also of the University of Leicester and a first author of the study, explained: "Lung function was measured using spirometry by trained technicians. Participants were asked to take a deep breath in, then blow out as hard and as fast as possible into a mouthpiece. A machine measured both the amount of air they can breathe out and the speed of that breath, providing an indication of how well their lungs are working."Pollution Exposure Linked to Reduced Lung CapacityThe researchers calculated the children's air pollution exposure in each trimester of pregnancy and then for each year of early childhood. This included particle pollution as well as nitrogen dioxide, a gas that comes mainly from diesel cars and fossil gas boilers.Hansell noted: "We spent literally years creating the particulate air pollution exposure estimates in pregnancy and early life, including sourcing road traffic data from Bristol city council that are not available in the national database."The researchers allowed for other factors that can affect children's health, including premature birth, breastfeeding, parental smoking and home conditions including damp.They found that breathing more air pollution during pregnancy, infancy and early childhood can slow lung development all the way up to early adulthood. The greatest impact was during adolescence, which is the time when lung growth accelerates.Health Implications Extend Beyond Respiratory SystemThose with reduced lung function face multiple health risks. "They are also more vulnerable to poorer health generally," Hansell explained. "For instance, low lung function in adults is associated with the same level of risk of heart disease as having high cholesterol. Research has also shown that people whose lung health has been affected by air pollution may be at greater risk of heart disease."An earlier study found that air pollution was reducing the growth of children's lungs in east London. There, the average nine-year-old's lungs were between 90 and 100 millilitres smaller than they should be—approximately the volume of two hen's eggs.Studies on children in Sweden showed that lung growth increased when air quality improved. Reductions in air pollution might have also allowed the Bristol children's lung growth to return closer to normal rates.Call for Action on Air Quality ProtectionEminson concluded: "While the effects in individual children are small and unlikely to have immediate clinical consequences, they shouldn't be dismissed. Because lung function tends to track from childhood into adulthood, small differences early in life may have implications for long-term health. This reinforces the importance of reducing exposures and protecting children's environments."

The Royal Legacy of Oak ApplesOnce a public holiday celebrating the restoration of the monarchy, Oak Apple Day (May 29th) marks a fascinating natural phenomenon where oak trees develop galls known as 'oak apples' through the lifecycle of the Biorhiza pallida gall wasp. These remarkable structures support diverse ecosystems and represent a unique intersection of natural history and royal heritage.The Biology Behind the Royal SymbolThe oak apples begin forming when an agamic, wingless female oak apple gall wasp emerges from a gall in the oak's roots. She climbs the tree and injects a cluster of eggs and venom into a leaf bud. The hatched grubs then produce substances that cause a tumor-like effect on the oak cells, forming the apple-like gall. Inside this protective structure, the larvae feed in individual chambers until they mature.A Microcosm of BiodiversityThe oak apple gall serves as a complex habitat supporting numerous species. Beyond the Biorhiza larvae, other gall wasps live commensally within the structure, including inquiline species and hyperparasitic wasps that feed on the primary inhabitants. Additionally, specialized communities of fungi and microbes thrive within the gall, creating a miniature ecosystem within the larger oak tree environment.From Royal Celebration to Natural RestorationWhile Oak Apple Day is no longer observed as a public holiday, the natural phenomenon it commemorates continues its annual cycle. The transformation from shiny, cherry-like galls to larger, browner, mottled structures represents the progression of the gall wasp lifecycle. As larvae mature and emerge as adults—some winged males flying off to find mates, others wingless females descending to lay eggs in rootlets—the cycle continues, connecting generations through this remarkable biological process.A New Celebration of Natural HeritageAs we move forward, perhaps Oak Apple Day can be reimagined not just as a celebration of royal restoration, but as a recognition of nature's resilience and the intricate connections between species. The ancient oak trees, older than Charles II himself, stand as living monuments to both historical events and natural processes. Their galls, once symbols of royal escape, now represent the complex, interdependent web of life that continues to thrive in the English countryside.

The LeadTemperatures across the UK and Europe have shattered May heat records, with 30°C recorded in spring—a pattern that climate experts warn is becoming the new normal. In a recent podcast discussion, environment editor Fiona Harvey explores how the UK is unprepared for these extreme heat events that are increasingly occurring outside traditional summer months.The Podcast DiscussionIn their conversation, Fiona Harvey and Nosheen Iqbal analyze a report from the Climate Change Committee that warns the UK is unprepared for extreme heat—the new normal. The podcast format allows for a deeper exploration of the issues, with experts sharing insights on why we're experiencing unprecedented temperatures in spring months.Current Preparedness GapsThe UK infrastructure and housing were primarily designed for cooler temperatures, leaving the population vulnerable during heatwaves. Many buildings lack proper insulation, ventilation, and cooling systems, making them susceptible to overheating. This vulnerability is particularly concerning for vulnerable populations including the elderly, children, and those with pre-existing health conditions.Adaptation SolutionsThe podcast explores a range of possible solutions to help keep the country cool, from tree-planting to heat pumps and scaling up renewables. These solutions represent different approaches to addressing the heat crisis, from immediate cooling measures to long-term climate mitigation strategies.Future OutlookWithout significant intervention, the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events are expected to increase, placing greater strain on public health services, energy grids, and infrastructure. The coming years will likely see increased investment in climate adaptation measures, with a particular focus on making buildings more resilient to high temperatures. The transition to a more climate-resilient society will require coordinated efforts across government, industry, and communities.

US‑Iran diplomatic channels are reportedly close to a framework that would extend the current cease‑fire by 60 days and open nuclear talks, though President Donald Trump has not yet signed off. The proposal would keep the Strait of Hormuz open, require Iran to clear sea mines within 30 days and lift the U.S. naval blockade if commercial traffic resumes.Progress Toward a 60‑Day US‑Iran Ceasefire ExtensionCeasefire talks: Both governments are negotiating a tentative deal to prolong the truce and start nuclear discussions.Maritime traffic: Non‑Iranian vessels from Singapore, UAE, South Korea and Norway have resumed transiting the Strait of Hormuz.Regional diplomacy: Pakistan’s Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar will meet Secretary of State Marco Rubio in Washington to focus on the Iran conflict.Key Figures: Vessel Traffic and Sanctions NumbersAt least four foreign‑flagged ship categories have increased passage through Hormuz in the past days.The U.S. Treasury announced new sanctions targeting multiple companies, individuals and vessels linked to Iran’s military and oil sales, including a Hong‑Kong‑based network.Regional Ripple Effects: Gulf States, Israel, and LebanonKuwait and UAE condemned a ballistic missile incident they described as Iranian aggression.Qatar’s Emir discussed the tension with President Trump, emphasizing Doha’s role in hosting ceasefire talks.Israel announced plans to control up to 70 % of Gaza, raising concerns of broader displacement.Lebanon suffered Israeli strikes killing at least 17 civilians, ahead of U.S.‑mediated military talks.What Comes Next: Negotiation Paths and Potential FlashpointsIf the 60‑day extension is signed, the next phase will focus on Iran’s uranium enrichment program.Continued missile incidents or further Israeli advances in Gaza could reignite broader regional fighting.Sanctions pressure may push Iran toward compliance, but visa issues for its World Cup team highlight lingering diplomatic friction.

Israel's Mental Health Crisis: Trauma and Societal TransformationAfter more than two years of relentless bombardment and war – from Israel's operations in Gaza and the Hamas-led assault on southern villages in October 2023 that preceded it, to the country's successive wars and strikes on Iran, Lebanon, Syria and other neighbouring states – analysts, observers, and numerous studies from within Israel have concluded that the country has become moulded by trauma.A recent survey by Maccabi Healthcare Services found that about one-third of Israelis believe they need professional mental health support. Among those who have served in the army, as either conscripts or reservists, the picture is even starker.Rising PTSD Cases and Mental Health EmergenciesIn January, Israel's Defence Ministry reported a near-40 percent rise in the number of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases among its soldiers since September 2023, with a 180 percent increase expected by 2028. The government has not published the number of soldiers discharged due to mental health over the same period, despite a legal obligation to do so, Israeli media has reported.Earlier this month, Magen David Adom, Israel's paramedic service, launched a dedicated mental health emergency service after registering a 45 percent spike in the number of calls it was receiving. The majority, it said, were linked to the continued strain of the country's multiple wars.The Statistical Surge in Mental Health IndicatorsThe number of suicides, a key indicator of mental health, has sharply increased across society as a whole, but particularly among the military, with 78 percent of military suicides in 2024 linked to combat operations in Gaza, the occupied West Bank and Lebanon, The Jerusalem Post reported in February.Incidents of domestic violence, as well as mental health conditions such as depression and stress, have all spiked since what many in the country regard as its endless series of wars began in October 2023, as well.Societal Brutalization and Political ShiftsIsrael's President, Isaac Herzog, appeared to acknowledge the trend in late May, referring to the increase in violence across Israeli society itself, including that perpetrated by rampaging Israelis from illegal settlements against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank, and the spike in violence targeting Christians.Speaking at an awards ceremony, he said, "I wish I could speak today only about unity. But to my great sorrow, we are living through days in which violence is not the only thing rearing its head. Alongside it, at the margins of our magnificent Israeli society, a terrible process is creeping in – a terrible process of brutalisation. It is a slow and disturbing process, one that threatens to enter the mainstream of Israeli society, and we will not allow it.""October 7 was like a switch, and the trauma it caused is widespread and ongoing," Tuly Flint, an Israeli mental health practitioner and combat veteran, told Al Jazeera. "People's sense of security was shattered," he said, arguing that the gap between past conflicts and the present ones had created a false sense of safety, alongside misplaced confidence in Israel's military and technological superiority."People have lost confidence in their society, government and institutions," Flint said, describing the sense of institutional betrayal among those who relied on the state for protection, or the moral injury experienced by those who lived through the consequences of its failure to do so. "In some cases, this has led people to embrace right-wing politics, adopt a more forceful response to perceived threats, and lose trust in government," he added.Trauma's Long-Term Implications for Israel's FutureHowever, the degree to which these trends began on October 7, 2023, is unclear, analysts and observers say. Violence has been intrinsic to Israel since its founding in 1948, analysts, such as the noted Israeli sociologist Yehouda Shenhav-Shahrabani, told Al Jazeera, with the events following October 7 merely giving new impetus to existing currents."October 7 was like a new beginning," Shenhav-Shahrabani said. "People create beginnings to erase the trauma of the past. Giving trauma a start date helps explain it."Recounting a conversation he had with his friend, the late Lebanese novelist, Elias Khoury, who had described to him his idea that Israelis need to experience defeat to become "more human" and less hubristic, Shenhav-Shahrabani said, "I'm not sure that's happened. October 7 was a defeat, and since then, Israelis have become even more fascist."There was always a fascist element to zionism, but more liberal strands, such as kibbutzim, obscured it. However, since October 7, it's become more apparent. You can see it everywhere," Shenhav-Shahrabani, who has given up teaching in response to endless criticism from a growing number of right-wing students, said.How its current trauma will shape Israel going forward is unclear, Zahava Solomon, a professor at Tel Aviv University who has researched the phenomenon for the past 40 years, said.Trauma can motivate a society to be strong and aggressive, or to always seek negotiation, she said. For Israel, the past trauma of the Holocaust has, she said, instilled in society an absolute sense of victimhood, one imprinted upon its citizens from the cradle and for whom the mantra of "never again" has become second nature.As for the Palestinians, who have experienced their own victimhood, this carries "dire consequences" for the future.For Flint, however, still on the front line of managing the fallout from the wars' collective trauma, "There's no cure"."There's just recovery. Once people have crossed that threshold, that's it."