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The Pavlovian Paradox: Mosquitoes Learn to Associate DEET with FoodFor decades, the efficacy of DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) has been attributed solely to its chemical properties, which are believed to either repel insects or block their ability to detect humans. However, a new study led by Professor Claudio Lazzari from the University of Tours suggests a more complex behavioral interaction. The research indicates that mosquitoes can learn to associate the scent of DEET with the presence of a blood meal, effectively turning a repellent into a lure through a process similar to Pavlovian conditioning.Experimental Evidence: From Repellent to LureThe study, published in the Journal of Experimental Biology, involved trapping mosquitoes and presenting them with warm blood that was just out of reach. The insects were simultaneously exposed to DEET. The results demonstrated a significant shift in behavior:Trained Group: 60% of mosquitoes that fed while exposed to DEET subsequently attempted to bite when exposed to the repellent alone.Control Groups: Significantly lower percentages were observed in untrained insects (17%) and those with prior exposure to DEET alone (13%).In a real-world test, nearly 60% of the trained mosquitoes attempted to bite a researcher's DEET-treated hand, whereas untrained mosquitoes universally targeted the untreated hand.Redefining Insect Control StrategiesThis discovery represents a significant shift in our understanding of how repellents work. It suggests that the reaction to DEET is not merely a chemical aversion but can be modified by experience. Experts, including Dr. Nina Stanczyk of ETH Zürich, emphasize that while the learning ability of mosquitoes is impressive, the implications for public health are nuanced. The study highlights that repellents may function differently depending on the context of the mosquito's previous interactions with humans.Future Outlook for TravelersDespite the alarming findings, experts urge travelers not to abandon DEET. The consensus is that this phenomenon occurs under specific laboratory conditions and is unlikely to happen frequently in the wild due to the variability of repellents encountered during different blood meals. The key takeaway for the future is the importance of consistent application. As noted by the researchers, the risk of association is highest when the repellent starts to wear off, reinforcing the need for regular reapplication to maintain protection.

The LeadA daily pill has shown remarkable results in doubling survival time for patients with pancreatic cancer, the world's deadliest form of the disease. According to clinical trial results presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology's annual meeting, this breakthrough treatment represents a potential revolution in how we approach a cancer that has seen limited progress for decades.The Breakthrough Drug: DaraxonrasibThe drug in question, daraxonrasib, works by targeting a protein called Kras that fuels nearly all pancreatic cancers. This mechanism represents a significant advancement in treatment strategy, as Kras has been notoriously difficult to target effectively. The drug functions as a Ras(On) multi-selective inhibitor, capable of turning off the Kras protein to stop cancer growth regardless of which variant is present.Impressive Trial ResultsIn the clinical trial involving 500 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, the results were striking. Those who took daraxonrasib lived an average of 13.2 months, compared to just 6.6 to 6.7 months for patients who received chemotherapy. This represents a near doubling of survival time, with the added benefit of fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy treatments.Industry Impact and Expert ReactionsThe findings have been hailed as a "gamechanger" and "grand slam" by experts in the field. Dr. Rachna Shroff, chief of oncology at the University of Arizona Cancer Center, described the results as "landscape-changing" and "unprecedented survival." When she first read the trial results, conducted by researchers at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, she wept, noting the profound impact this could have on patients after 16 years of treating pancreatic cancer.Dr. Julie Gralow, Asco's chief medical officer, echoed these sentiments, calling the study a "home run" and suggesting it was actually a "grand slam" in terms of its significance.The Ras RevolutionOver 90% of patients with the most common form of pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC), have a mutation in the Kras gene. This discovery has long been considered the "holy grail" in cancer research, particularly for pancreatic cancer where the mutation is nearly ubiquitous and an early driver of cancer growth.Paula Hanford, chief executive of UK-based Pancreatic Cancer Action, called this one of the most significant developments in treatment she had ever seen. Similarly, Anna Jewell, director of services, research and innovation at Pancreatic Cancer UK, described the results as "exciting," noting that the drug gives patients "months more precious time with their loved ones."Future Outlook and ApplicationsThe success of daraxonrasib opens doors for similar treatments targeting Ras genes in other cancers. Experts at the conference noted that because Ras genes fuel various types of cancer, there is hope for breakthroughs in treating lung and colon cancers as well, with similar drugs already in development for these conditions.However, challenges remain in ensuring these promising treatments become widely available to patients. As Jewell pointed out, tragically half of all people with pancreatic cancer die within just three months of diagnosis, making the rapid implementation of such treatments crucial.

Iga Swiatek's Unhappy Birthday at French Open Iga Swiatek's 25th birthday celebrations turned sour at the French Open on Sunday as the former champion lost 7-5, 6-1 in the fourth round to the Ukrainian 15th seed Marta Kostyuk, her challenge for a fifth title ending just when she had looked to be rediscovering her rhythm. The Match Turning Point There was little to separate the duo in the early exchanges as they twice traded breaks, before Kostyuk came up with a tight hold in the 11th game and raised her level at the end to claim the opening set with a backhand crosscourt winner. Kostyuk's Historic Win It was the first time that Kostyuk had taken a set off the third-seeded Pole after three straight-set defeats in their previous meetings, and she sensed a big upset when she went ahead 3-1 in the next set after a battling effort. The Impact on Swiatek's Title Hopes The Rouen and Madrid champion held her nerve from there to take her record on clay this season to 15-0, and book a meeting with the seventh-seeded Ukrainian Elina Svitolina or the 11th-seeded Swiss Belinda Bencic in the next round at Roland Garros. What's Next Tumaini Carayol’s report to follow

The Election Outcome Malta’s Labour Party (PL) has won an unprecedented fourth term in a victory for Prime Minister Robert Abela, according to preliminary results of the election held on Saturday. The party secured a comfortable parliamentary majority, although it appeared to be narrower than in 2022, when it took 55 percent of all ballots cast. Abela's Victory Speech “This is a victory of all the people based on the programme we presented for all the people,” Abela told reporters, saying results showed his party had “won a strong mandate”. He called for national unity, stating, “Let us maintain the spirit of national unity and move the country forward together.” Election Details Election held on Saturday with a turnout of 87.4 percent, slightly up from the last general election in 2022. Abela, 48, called the snap election a year early to shield Malta from geopolitical crises. The economy grew 4 percent last year, but there are concerns about the impact of the Middle East conflict on tourism and inflation. Opposition's Response Charles Bonello, general secretary of the opposition Nationalist Party (PN), conceded the election but noted that his party had managed to slash back Labour’s majority. The Road Ahead Abela has led Malta since 2020. His government will continue to focus on economic stability and addressing challenges such as corruption, which remains a significant issue in the country.

The Lead: Liverpool at a CrossroadsAs Liverpool prepares for life after Arne Slot, the club faces significant challenges that will define their immediate future. The Dutchman's tenure ended without the dominance expected, leaving a squad in need of strategic overhaul both on and off the pitch. The new manager inherits a team that must rediscover its identity while addressing key personnel departures and tactical shortcomings.Style Evolution: From Heavy Metal to Soft RockPerhaps Mohamed Salah's style of communication wasn't the slickest, but he was correct that Liverpool need to redefine the style of football they play. Everything on the pitch last season under Arne Slot felt very placid as Liverpool failed to dominate opponents and were often found overrun. The new head coach will want to demonstrate his plans and implement an attacking style to best use what is available to him. Anfield does not want to witness back-foot football, fans want to see a swagger to those in red. Supporters and Slot suffered from a disconnect in the final months. The Dutchman was hindered by not possessing the vivacious personality of Jürgen Klopp nor the results in the end, and the aforementioned tedious style. The successor will want to put fans at the forefront and build a strong bond between stands and dugout, built on a platform of attractive play.Investment Analysis: Underperforming Key SigningsAfter spending heavily last summer trying to build a squad capable of dominating the Premier League for years to come, it was difficult to pick out someone who thrived. Hugo Ekitiké was the best of the new arrivals but record signings Florian Wirtz and Alexander Isak barely made the season's footnotes. Isak could at least attribute his struggles to fitness and injury problems, including a leg fracture, but the German's first taste of English football was a sour one. He never looked comfortable as a No 10, physically finding it tough going as speed on the ball and strength in battle were lacking. Getting the best out of a clearly talented player must be a priority, because Wirtz has the capabilities to open defences and help Liverpool control games but needs a confidence boost and an arm around the shoulder.Structural Impact: Midfield Deficiencies and Leadership VacuumWirtz is part of a wider midfield issue that lacks physicality and an obvious No 6. Ryan Gravenberch was elected as the man for the role by Slot, which worked well when the possession stats were in Liverpool's favour but finding someone who can break things up effectively is advisable. Every other team have someone who can break up play but Liverpool lack someone in that role. Not since Georginio Wijnaldum or Fabinho have the club possessed someone capable of overwhelming opponents with their physical attributes and in an evolving sport, this oversight must end. Dominik Szoboszlai being moved around the pitch was unhelpful because he can be one of the best central midfielders in the world but needs a defined position to make his own.The players departing Anfield are weighed down with individual and team trinkets, thanks to the success they have enjoyed with Liverpool. Arguably, the influence of Salah and Andy Robertson on the pitch waned in their final season with the club but their experience and winning mentality will be a huge loss to the dressing room and training ground. Ibrahima Konaté is another exiting, providing a recruitment headache the club were not fully anticipating. It does beg the question if it is the right time to allow Alisson Becker, who has suffered from injury problems in recent times, to be sold and allow a new generation to start afresh, with Virgil van Dijk leading the transition. There are plenty of potential internal candidates who can take on greater responsibility but it may require a change in transfer strategy to acquire players in their late-20s with Champions League experience to help give the right balance.Defensive Rebuild: Addressing Key DeparturesKonaté's contract expiration will be softened by Jérémy Jacquet's impending arrival but further investment is required. Van Dijk's longevity is unknown so finding a partnership for the long term will be critical; a more rugged centre-back like Nottingham Forest's Murillo could be an ideal choice to offer balance and greater aggression. Competition for Milos Kerkez will be important, but if Andoni Iraola does take the job the reunion could get the best out of the Hungarian and get him to flourish after a mixed first year on Merseyside. On the opposite side, continuity would help everyone because Slot was forced to trying numerous people in the role, many out of position. Ideally, Conor Bradley or Jeremie Frimpong can make it their own, having struggled to replace Trent Alexander-Arnold, although both have suffered with injury problems. If they can stay fit, they both possess the quality to be a solution, especially if clever coaching can embrace their attacking prowess and incorporate more defensive discipline.Future Outlook: Rebuilding the AttackSlot insisted that new wingers would change the dynamic next season but he will not be the one to benefit. Salah is off, Federico Chiesa cannot carry on as a bit-part, so will almost certainly leave too, freeing up some space on the flanks. Rio Ngumoha offered brief teenage glimpses of excitement as someone with the pace and trickery to get past full-backs. Frimpong, brought in as a right-back, was more often found on the wing because he possessed the speed Slot desired in those areas, while also offering a further indication that the transfer dealings left a lot to be desired. They did not replace the maverick tendencies of Luis Díaz and Cody Gakpo has never looked a natural winger. Targeting new wide men will be imperative. RB Leipzig's Yan Diomande, Brighton's Yankuba Minteh or Athletic Club's Neco Williams would be ideal candidates to bring thrust to a side lacking dynamism and get supporters off their seats.

The Connection to Nature As a recent study revealed almost half of UK adults now spend less than three hours a week in natural settings such as gardens, parks, fields or woods, we asked readers to tell us about what being outside means to them. Personal Stories of Healing The replies – heartfelt and passionate – came flooding in, with some admitting they just did not have the words to say how important it is. “It’s my happy place, my therapy and a reason to slow down and pause during my busy week,” wrote Hannah Powell from Perrywood garden centres. “I HAVE to look at plants every day. I notice every change in the garden. I sit facing the garden for my breakfast. I look out for nature on the way to work (recently seeing a little owl, red kites, foxes, hares, and more). It helped me get better when I had burnout and FND in London. I wouldn’t (couldn’t) be without it.” The Science Behind Nature's Benefits David Lynch esaid about his love of being outside. “Anxiety levels drop, all worldly concerns are put in perspective and [I] feel younger.” He agreed with others that there was plenty of recent science explaining the health benefits, but added: “I also read about ancient wisdom of Buddhism, which advocates solitary time in nature. All sources uphold the truth that better connection with nature brings better self-awareness and increased sensitivity to the needs of our ecosystem, plus better connection with each other.” The Impact on Mental Health Isabel Romaniw, who is working towards becoming a forest bathing guide, wrote passionately about the basic human need to be outside and to connect with nature. “We are animal, a simultaneously ordinary and yet utterly remarkable part of the great, miraculous tapestry of life on Earth. We have done much to shape our world and influence the fates of almost all other species we share our world with, but we must remember that we are but a tiny chapter, perhaps a footnote, in the ongoing story of the universe, in order to start to heal the damage and repair our relationships with ourselves, with each other, with our other-than-human kin, and with our one precious home.” For Romaniw, as for many others, our disconnection with nature is closely linked to “the worsening physical, mental and spiritual health crises that seem to be going on”. Cherished Memories of Nature Many of you had wonderful memories of times outside. “I was a sickly, pasty, shy, anxious kid,” wrote Mat Jordan. “In the early 70s my parents couldn’t afford to take us to the seaside one year so we went camping in the Peak District instead. It was a revelation. I absolutely loved it. The landscape and dry-stone walls of the white peak are still a favourite, although I spent some years in my 20s living in the Lake District too. One of my favourite memories is driving out of Sheffield into the Peaks with my then baby son to get him to fall asleep and still being awe-struck at the beauty on our doorstep.”

2026-05-31 – After weeks of blockage, the vital maritime corridor has officially reopened, allowing vessels to transit once again. While the physical bottleneck is cleared, market participants remain cautious, questioning whether normalcy will translate into renewed confidence across global supply chains. Operational Milestones: How the Strait Returned to Service The reopening followed coordinated efforts by regional authorities, naval patrols, and international shipping firms. Clearance operations focused on removing debris, re‑establishing navigation aids, and conducting safety inspections to certify the waterway for commercial traffic. Financial Ripples: Estimating the Economic Cost of the Disruption Industry analysts estimate that the shutdown cost the global shipping sector billions of dollars in delayed cargo and premium freight rates. Although exact figures vary, the consensus underscores a substantial hit to revenue for carriers, insurers, and downstream manufacturers. Investor Sentiment and Supply‑Chain Realignment The interruption has prompted investors to reassess exposure to regions reliant on the strait for oil and commodity flows. Companies are diversifying routes, increasing inventory buffers, and renegotiating contracts to mitigate future geopolitical shocks. Future Outlook: When Might Confidence Fully Recover? Experts suggest that confidence will hinge on sustained security, transparent governance, and the absence of further geopolitical escalations. Until these conditions are demonstrably stable, market participants are likely to maintain a prudent stance, keeping risk premiums elevated.

The Lead: Mexico's Pre-World Cup VictoryWorld Cup cohosts Mexico secured a confidence-building 1-0 victory over Australia in a friendly match at the Rose Bowl in San Antonio. The win comes as both nations face critical decisions ahead of the upcoming tournament, with squad deadlines fast approaching.The Event Details: Vasquez Header Proves DecisiveA Johan Vasquez header from a set-piece in the 28th minute gave Mexico the lead, which they successfully maintained despite a stronger second-half performance from Australia. The match was played in front of a crowd of 78,479 pro-Mexico supporters, with both coaches making numerous substitutions to test different lineup options.Mexico coach Javier Aguirre made nine changes from the team that defeated Ghana 2-0 the previous week, while Australia's coach Tony Popovic also experimented with his lineup. The match included mid-half drinks breaks and allowed 11 substitutions per team—double the World Cup limit—as part of the simulation of tournament conditions.The Performance Analysis: Mixed Results for Both SidesMexico's fringe lineup showed promise despite a defensive howler that nearly cost them a goal. Midfielder Luis Chavez's error left goalkeeper Raul Rangel exposed, but Australia's Mohammed Toure volleyed wide with an empty goal. Mexico's Alexis Vega created several opportunities, including a header that forced a fine save from Australian goalkeeper Mat Ryan.Australia improved in the second half, with substitute Kai Trewin's through-ball finding Ajdin Hrustic, whose shot was saved by Guillermo Ochoa after he replaced Rangel at halftime. Mexico also had a goal disallowed in the 76th minute when a free-kick was taken too quickly, leading to heated exchanges between the teams.The World Cup Implications: Squad Decisions LoomWith both nations required to submit their 26-man World Cup squads to FIFA by June 1, the friendly provided valuable final testing grounds. Mexico's performance with their second-string squad gives Aguirre confidence in his depth, while Australia's second-half improvement suggests Popovic has tactical flexibility to consider.The match also highlighted the challenges both teams face. Mexico's defensive lapses will need addressing, while Australia's inability to capitalize on clear chances against a changed Mexican side raises questions about their finishing ability in crucial moments.The Tournament Outlook: Road to World Cup 2026Mexico begins their World Cup campaign on June 11 against South Africa in Mexico City, followed by matches against South Korea and the Czech Republic. As cohosts, they will have significant home-field advantage throughout the tournament.Australia starts their tournament against Turkey on June 13, with subsequent matches against cohosts United States and Paraguay. Both teams will use this pre-tournament preparation to finalize their strategies and optimal lineups for the challenges ahead.

The Rise of Nigeria's Digital Herbal Marketplace In Abuja, Nigeria, Oke Bola thought a fertility supplement she found online might help her conceive. Instead, within days of taking it, she struggled to breathe. Her experience reflects a growing online trade in unverified herbal remedies promoted across social media platforms. Bola, who is in her early 40s and has never had children, bought the supplement earlier this year and increased the recommended dosage, hoping for quicker results after hearing about it from friends and family. "I recognised the symptoms of asthma; the wheezing sound at night was familiar," she told Al Jazeera. "When I checked online, I realised it could be from the herbal medication." Her experience is not isolated. Across Nigeria, doctors and pharmacists report a surge in social media-driven self-medication, particularly involving unverified herbal products. This trend is worsening health outcomes, delaying treatment, and adding pressure to an already strained healthcare system serving about 230 million people. Nigeria's young, hyperconnected population increasingly uses digital platforms for health information and advice. But that access has also created what Dr Isaac Kolawole and Dr Fidelis describe as an "algorithmic apothecary" – an unregulated online marketplace where influencers and anonymous sellers promote remedies directly to consumers with little or no scientific backing. Health Impacts of Unverified Herbal Remedies Within this ecosystem, herbal remedies, long part of Nigeria's medical and cultural landscape, are increasingly repackaged as miracle cures, sometimes with dangerous consequences. Doctors report more patients arriving at hospitals only when their conditions have significantly worsened, often after prolonged use of unverified treatments. A consultant nephrologist at the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Dr Yemi Raji, said herbal medicine continues to play a role in kidney disease cases in Nigeria. "When you take herbal medication, you are taking both the good and the bad," he said. "Patients often arrive late, when treatment is more difficult and expensive." Dialysis alone can cost between 50,000 and 100,000 naira ($36-72) per session, several times a week. Studies link herbal use to kidney and liver disease cases across Africa, including findings that about 46 percent of liver disease admissions in one Nigerian hospital involved herbs or roots. A 2022 study found that 76.65 percent of participants had used herbal medicine, with more than a third combining herbal and conventional treatments while 82.44 percent did not inform their doctors. The Algorithmic Amplification Effect On a smartphone screen, relief is just a click away: fertility tonics, eye drops promising restored vision, syrups claiming to "flush out" disease. The advertisements are polished, persuasive and constant, woven into TikTok, Facebook, Instagram and X feeds. "The platforms themselves amplify this effect," said Dr Egemba Chinonso Fidelis, a public health advocate known online as Aproko Doctor. "Their algorithms reward engaging content and push it to wider audiences." Even users who try to avoid such content often encounter it repeatedly, shaped by emotional storytelling, music and urgency-driven messaging. A 2025 Nigeria-based study on Jinja Herbal Mixture found it appeared safe for short-term use within tested dosage ranges, but researchers recorded biochemical changes at higher doses, including altered creatinine and sodium levels in test subjects, signs of possible kidney and liver stress. The study called for further research into long-term effects and interactions with conventional medicines. Regulatory Challenges in the Digital Age The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) says it is working to track unregistered manufacturers, but enforcement remains difficult, especially online. "With the sheer volume of products online, enforcement has limited reach," said Isaac Kolawole, the southwest zonal director of NAFDAC. Many sellers use fake or incomplete addresses, making them difficult to trace. NAFDAC requires strict registration, testing and approval before herbal products can be sold or advertised, but regulation has not kept pace with online commerce. Fidelis argued that stronger regulation alone is not enough. "If there are no consequences for lying about healthcare online, people will keep doing it," he said. He noted that scammers have even used AI-generated versions of his image to promote fake products. "Real medicine does not promise to cure everything, and it does not rely on countdowns," he added. "Scammers do." Path Forward for Safer Digital Health As Nigeria's digital economy expands, the intersection of technology and healthcare will only grow more complex. Fidelis stressed that access to affordable healthcare must improve, public trust must be rebuilt, and digital platforms must take responsibility for the health content they amplify. Pharmacist Akinade Akinlolu noted that while conditions like diabetes and hypertension can be managed, online claims often suggest cures. "Economic pressure is also pushing people towards cheaper or 'miracle' alternatives," he added. "Without stronger safeguards," Fidelis warned, "the algorithmic apothecary will continue to grow and put more people at risk." The challenge for Nigeria's healthcare system is to harness the power of digital platforms while ensuring they promote evidence-based care rather than potentially harmful alternatives.