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The Latest Escalation in US-Iran Conflict The United States military says it has struck Iranian military sites, and Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) says it has targeted a US base in response, the latest in a series of exchanges as negotiations to end the three-month US-Israel war on Iran are conducted. US Actions and Iranian Response US strikes Iranian sites: The US military’s Central Command (CENTCOM) said it conducted “self-defense strikes” on Iranian radar and drone sites in the city of Goruk and on Qeshm Island at the weekend. Iran targets US base: The IRGC said it struck an airbase that was used for an attack on a telecommunications tower on Sirik Island, located in the southern province of Hormozgan, Iran’s Fars news agency reported. Diplomatic Efforts and Regional Impact Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi: Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said Tehran is continuing to exchange messages with the US on a deal to end the war. Trump’s stance: US President Donald Trump described Iran as eager to reach an agreement, posting on his Truth Social platform that “Iran really wants to make a deal, and it will be a good one for the USA and those that are with us.” Kuwait intercepts missiles and drones: The General Staff of the Kuwaiti army said its air defences were “confronting hostile missile and drone attacks”. Israel pushes farther into Lebanon: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has ordered Israel’s military to push farther into Lebanon after Israeli forces made their deepest incursion into the country in more than 25 years. Hezbollah’s Actions and US Proposal Hezbollah downs Israeli drone: The Lebanese armed group said it shot down an Israeli Hermes 450 drone over the western sector of southern Lebanon using a surface-to-air missile on Sunday evening. Hezbollah strikes Israeli forces: Hezbollah also said its fighters fired a large number of rockets and artillery shells at Israeli forces on the eastern outskirts of the town of Yohmor al-Shaqif in southern Lebanon early on Monday. US proposes new plan: The US has put forward a proposal to de-escalate hostilities in Lebanon, a US official told Al Jazeera, adding that Secretary of State Marco Rubio held separate talks with Lebanese President Joseph Aoun and Netanyahu.

In a striking reversal of a century‑old judgment, researchers have confirmed that the red bands on the walls of Bacon Hole in South Gower are not mineral stains but the United Kingdom’s oldest known Palaeolithic cave paintings. 1912: The Guardian reports the discovery of red pigment bands in Bacon Hole. 1928: The same outlet declares the markings a natural phenomenon. 2026: Uranium‑thorium analysis dates the pigments to 17,100 years ago, redefining British prehistory. The Rediscovery of Bacon Hole’s Red Streaks as Palaeolithic Art Original investigators William Sollas and Henri Breuil argued in 1912 that the horizontal red lines represented intentional art. Their interpretation was dismissed in 1928 after the newspaper cited mineral seepage as the cause. The new study, led by Dr George Nash of the University of Liverpool and Coimbra University, re‑examined the panels with modern archaeometric techniques. Uranium‑Thorium Dating Confirms 17,100‑Year‑Old Paintings Using uranium‑thorium dating on the pigment’s calcite matrix, the team obtained a calibrated age of 17,100 years before present. Chemical analysis identified a mixture of calcite and clay, applied with finger strokes, confirming deliberate human agency. Implications for Understanding Upper Palaeolithic Wales The findings place Wales at the forefront of Upper Palaeolithic activity in north‑western Europe, suggesting that hunter‑fisher‑gatherer groups exploited the periglacial landscape of the emerging Bristol Channel shoreline. The research also aligns with earlier discoveries such as the Cathole Cave paintings dated between 14,500 and 12,500 years ago. Future Research and Conservation Prospects The cave, managed by the National Trust of Wales, is slated for official announcement and potential scheduling as a protected monument. Ongoing collaboration among the universities of Southampton, Swansea, and international partners aims to map additional sites along the Gower coast and refine the chronology of early human occupation.

Summer Arrival Brings Noctilucent Clouds to the Night SkyAs the northern‑hemisphere summer settles in, a rare high‑altitude spectacle lights up the western twilight: noctilucent clouds, or “night‑shining” clouds, glow with an electric‑blue hue just after sunset.High‑Altitude Glows at the Edge of SpaceThese formations sit at roughly 80 km above the surface—virtually the edge of space—making them the highest known clouds in Earth’s atmosphere. They become visible about half an hour after sunset, when the lower atmosphere is in shadow but the thin upper layer still reflects sunlight.Numbers Behind the PhenomenonTypical altitude: 80 kmFirst documented sighting: 1885Key historical event coinciding with appearance: 1885 Krakatoa eruptionSouthern‑hemisphere season start: around OctoberResearchers note that no recorded observations exist before 1885, despite the clouds’ striking visibility, prompting theories that they may be linked to industrial aerosols emerging in the late 19th century.Why Noctilucent Clouds Matter for Climate ScienceThe clouds serve as a natural laboratory for studying upper‑atmospheric processes. Possible drivers include:Industrial pollutants providing nucleation sites for ice crystals.Volcanic eruptions (e.g., Krakatoa) injecting particles into the mesosphere.Climate‑induced increases in water vapour reaching higher altitudes.Because their brightness and frequency respond to subtle changes in mesospheric temperature and composition, noctilucent clouds are increasingly viewed as a proxy for monitoring climate‑related shifts.Future Outlook: Monitoring Upper‑Atmosphere ChangesScientists plan to combine satellite lidar measurements with ground‑based observations to track seasonal trends and assess whether cloud frequency intensifies under a warming climate. Continued study will help determine if noctilucent clouds can act as an early‑warning indicator for broader atmospheric transformations.

The Global Bauxite Rush and Guinea's ContradictionIn the small village of Bembou Silaty, northwestern Guinea, 38-year-old Mamadou Aliou embodies the central contradiction of Guinea's bauxite boom. Working in the environmental health and safety department for a mining company while simultaneously advocating for his community's rights, Aliou represents the complex relationship between global resource demands and local realities."Before these companies arrived, we cultivated our land, and it sustained us," Aliou told Al Jazeera. "We could cover our daily needs, especially food. But now, when a piece of land is registered and belongs to a mining company, you have nothing there any more."The Strategic Value of Guinea's Bauxite ReservesGuinea holds the world's largest reserves of bauxite, the ore that becomes alumina and ultimately aluminum—a metal essential for car and aircraft frames, windows, wind turbines, and solar panels. Over the past three decades, the country has multiplied its bauxite production tenfold, with more than a dozen ongoing projects currently operating.As the global energy transition demands ever more aluminum, Guinea has found itself in a strategically crucial position. Approximately 75 percent of the bauxite exported by the country over the past decade has ended up in China, which produces 60 percent of the world's aluminum. Companies from Russia, the United States, and the United Arab Emirates have also established significant operations in the country to secure this valuable resource.Economic Disparities and Compensation ChallengesIn the traditional bauxite heartlands of Kindia and Boke, the main roads are notably well-maintained, and steady jobs in technical roles or transport logistics have created economic opportunities for some Guineans. In Bembou Silaty, however, the situation remains starkly different—a quiet village without electricity, where farming methods remain untouched by mechanization.People working in technical roles at the mine can earn up to about $300 a month, a significant sum in Guinea. For other locals who make a living from farming, most don't have a regular wage and rely on the yield from their crops. Across Guinea, an estimated half of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood.Locals in Bembou Silaty say every hectare claimed by mining is a hectare lost to farming, in a country that spent more than $500m importing rice in 2024. "They give you compensation for your land, but it's not enough, and in the end, it's mismanaged," Aliou said. "Within a month or two, someone who received 50 or 100 million Guinean francs ($5,700-11,400) has nothing left. No land, no money. They have to start over, from below zero."Environmental Degradation and Water ContaminationThe environmental impact of bauxite mining in communities like Bembou Silaty has been profound. Not all homes in the village of about 5,000 have indoor toilets and plumbing. While a new water point serves nearly all residents, the water contains iron contamination.In neighboring villages, the situation is even more dire. "Since the mining companies came, we've had this problem with the water. The children get sick, and the parents too," said Mariama Kindi Diallo, a farmer. "The doctors tell us not to drink the rain or river water. There are no roads, no school, no phone signal. What are we supposed to do? We are asking for help to have a dignified life."Environmental concerns extend beyond water contamination. Surgical holes drilled into the ground mark where mining companies have tested for bauxite—a reminder to farmers that the impact on the land is felt even before extraction begins. In a recent report, Djami Diallo, the Guinean minister of the environment and sustainable development, stated that each year, certain companies had their impact studies and evaluation reports rejected for failing to comply with environmental standards.The Government's Push for Value AdditionTo address these challenges and increase the benefits for Guinea, the government of Mamady Doumbouya, which came to power in a 2021 coup, is attempting to reorganize the mining sector. It is pressing investors to process bauxite within Guinea, ensuring a portion of the value stays in the country.Processing bauxite into aluminum can multiply its price by 37 times. Instability in Iran amid the US and Israel's war has contributed to rising aluminum prices, which surpassed $3,600 per tonne in April. Doumbouya is set to lead the country for the next seven years, after winning the December 2025 elections with nearly 87 percent of the vote.Achieving this transformation, however, requires a huge increase in electricity generation—power that is non-existent in villages like Bembou Silaty and unreliable even in the capital, Conakry. Guinea is working with neighboring Senegal on a solution: Using Senegalese gas to generate enough electricity to process its bauxite on African soil.The Global Trail of Bauxite and MigrationThe story of Guinea's bauxite extends far beyond its borders. More than 3,000km away, in Parets del Valles, Spain, the journey's end plays out. For Spain, Europe's largest consumer of Guinean bauxite, more than 90 percent of its imports come from Guinea.The aluminium produced there feeds the automotive industry and serves both industrial and domestic purposes. In Spain, there is light, hot water, paved roads—all the base elements of a decent life that remain elusive in many parts of Guinea.Increasingly, more boats are leaving directly from Guinea, towards the Canary Islands and on to mainland Europe. According to Frontex, the European Union border security agency, more Guineans arrived in the Canary Islands, Spain, in 2023 (2,324) than in the previous 13 years combined. In 2024 and 2025 combined, another 6,000 Guineans arrived.Many left, following the bauxite trail, hoping to find something more in the places where their resources are both enjoyed and exploited. "If you compare the bauxite we export with what we get in return, the difference is enormous," Aliou reflects. "We gain almost nothing. Just enough to survive."

The LeadIndia's Tata Electronics has signed a landmark agreement with Dutch technology giant ASML to establish a major semiconductor manufacturing facility in Dholera, Gujarat, during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to the Netherlands. This strategic partnership represents a significant step in India's quest to become a key player in the global semiconductor industry.The Strategic PartnershipASML, Europe's largest technology company by market value, will supply its cutting-edge lithography machines and chipmaking tools to support the development and ramp-up of production at Tata's semiconductor facility. ASML chief executive Christophe Fouquet emphasized the company's commitment to establishing long-term partnerships in India's growing semiconductor industry, citing 'many compelling opportunities' in the region.The Investment BreakdownTata Electronics plans to invest $11 billion in the semiconductor facility, which is expected to manufacture advanced chips for artificial intelligence, the automotive industry, and other high-tech sectors. This substantial investment underscores India's determination to build domestic semiconductor manufacturing capabilities and reduce its dependence on imported chips.The Global Semiconductor ImpactThe deal comes at a critical time when global semiconductor supply chains are being reconfigured due to geopolitical tensions and technological competition. By partnering with ASML, Tata gains access to the most advanced chipmaking technology available, positioning India to compete in the high-end semiconductor market currently dominated by a few East Asian countries.The Geopolitical ImplicationsThe semiconductor agreement is part of broader efforts to deepen economic ties between India and the Netherlands. During his visit, Modi held extensive talks with Dutch Prime Minister Rob Jetten and met King Willem-Alexander. The discussions covered defense and security, with Modi specifically mentioning the possibility of creating an action plan for the defense industry and collaboration in space travel, maritime systems, and maritime security.The Future OutlookFollowing his Netherlands visit, Modi is scheduled to travel to Sweden for talks focused on trade, innovation, and green technology cooperation. This European tour highlights India's strategic approach to building technological partnerships with Western nations as it seeks to advance its manufacturing capabilities and economic growth. The successful implementation of the Tata-ASML semiconductor facility could serve as a model for future high-tech collaborations in India.

Game 7 Recap: Spurs Edge Thunder 111‑103 The Western Conference finals culminated in a dramatic Game 7 where the San Antonio Spurs survived a late foul on Victor Wembanyama and a decisive block by Luke Kornet to clinch a 111‑103 victory over the Oklahoma City Thunder. The win sends the Spurs to the NBA Finals for the first time since 2024. Key Moments That Shifted Momentum Wembanyama’s fifth foul in the fourth quarter forced him to sit, removing the Spurs’ primary interior presence. Luke Kornet’s chase‑down block on Isaiah Hartenstein sparked a quick Spurs run, extending the lead to eight points. Shai Gilgeous‑Alexander scored 35 of the Thunder’s 31 points from starters, but the bench contributed only 14 fourth‑quarter points. The Spurs’ bench outscored the Thunder’s starters for most of the series, a trend that proved decisive in Game 7. Statistical Snapshot of the Deciding Game Final Score: Spurs 111, Thunder 103 Victor Wembanyama: 12 points, 7 rebounds, fouled out in the fourth quarter. Shai Gilgeous‑Alexander: 35 points (team‑high), 5 assists. Luke Kornet: 8 points, 4 rebounds, 1 block (crucial chase‑down). Spurs Bench: 38 points combined, highlighted by Keldon Johnson (two threes) and Julian Champagnie (6‑of‑10 shooting). Thunder Bench: 14 fourth‑quarter points, limited impact overall. What the Upset Means for the NBA Landscape The Thunder’s early‑season dominance (24‑1 start) made them favorites, but the series exposed a reliance on Gilgeous‑Alexander and a bench that could be neutralized when Wembanyama rested. The Spurs demonstrated depth and resilience, reinforcing the notion that playoff success hinges on contributions beyond star players. Fan sentiment toward the Thunder’s “unpopular” style of drawing fouls may intensify, while the Spurs’ narrative shifts from underdog to legitimate championship contender. Looking Ahead: Spurs vs Knicks in the Finals Next up, the Spurs will face a rested New York Knicks team that entered the playoffs on an 11‑game winning streak. The Knicks’ balanced roster and recent momentum pose a fresh challenge, but the Spurs’ experience in Game 7 and their bench firepower give them a credible shot at the title. Meanwhile, the Thunder are expected to regroup, address depth concerns, and return stronger next season.

The Escalating Drone CampaignUkrainian drones have struck energy and industrial targets across several Russian regions, Russian authorities say, in an escalating campaign of strikes against infrastructure. In Saratov, a region on the Volga River with several oil refineries that has come under regular Ukrainian attack in recent years, Governor Roman Busargin said on Sunday on Telegram that "civil infrastructure" had been damaged in the overnight strikes.Strategic Targeting of Energy InfrastructureUkraine's military confirmed that it had struck the Saratov oil refinery overnight, but denied Russian accusations that it had hit the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in Russian-occupied territory. In the Kirov region, northeast of Moscow and about 1,300km (800 miles) from Ukraine, Governor Alexander Sokolov said drones had hit a facility in the Urzhumsky district. The Ukrainian army confirmed the attack, saying it had also hit the Lazarevo oil-pumping station in the region.Regional Impact and Civilian CasualtiesGovernors in the Rostov, Voronezh and Belgorod regions, all of which border Ukraine, also reported strikes, and three civilians were injured in Belgorod. On Ukraine's Russian-controlled Crimean Peninsula, Moscow-backed Governor Sergei Aksyonov said authorities were introducing restrictions on sales of petrol, though he did not specify the reason. Ukraine for months has been attacking fuel infrastructure in southwestern Russia close to Crimea.International Support and Future StrategySeparately on Sunday, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said Ukraine received a new Iris-T air defence missile launcher from Germany as he asked for the provision of more air defence ammunition from Kyiv's allies. "We also need missiles for air defence systems to have sufficient capabilities to repel Russian attacks," Zelenskyy said on Telegram.

The Spurs' Championship AscentThe San Antonio Spurs, sparked by superstar Victor Wembanyama, have advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time since 2014 by dethroning defending champions Oklahoma City Thunder 111-103 to book a championship showdown against the New York Knicks. The Spurs captured the best-of-seven Western Conference finals 4-3 on Saturday and reached the NBA Finals, which begin on Wednesday against the Knicks in San Antonio."Though we're still hungry for one more, this feeling is, I can't explain it, it's so powerful," Wembanyama said. "We want four more. We're not done. Go Spurs go."Game Seven Breakthrough PerformanceFrench 7-foot-4 (2.24m) centre Wembanyama scored 22 points and grabbed seven rebounds, Julian Champagnie added 20 points, including six three-pointers, and Stephon Castle had 16 points for the Spurs, who led the winner-take-all contest almost the entire way. "Wemby" dominated in his first playoff game seven and was emotional at the finish, laughing and crying and hugging teammates over reaching his first NBA Finals."Realising that some part of the childhood dream was going to come true," the 22-year-old Frenchman said of his reaction. "They don't even know how much I love them. They are just incredible. Everybody stepped up tonight."Statistical Impact of the VictoryThe Spurs' victory was built on team basketball and key individual performances. Wembanyama hit two three-pointers in a 17-9 run to start the fourth quarter that lifted the Spurs ahead 97-86 with eight minutes remaining. Despite being whistled for his fifth foul shortly after, the Spurs maintained their lead to secure the series victory.NBA Most Valuable Player Shai Gilgeous-Alexander led Oklahoma City with 35 points in a valiant effort. "He was brilliant. He had a great game," Thunder coach Mark Daigneault said. "He delivered. It was a really big-time game for him."Historic Significance for the FranchiseThis victory marks a significant milestone for the Spurs franchise, ending a 12-year drought since their last NBA Finals appearance in 2014. The Spurs squad with only one player that had been in a game seven before overcame a more experienced Thunder squad that won the title in a game seven last year."Back in October we knew we had a chance to be pretty good," Spurs coach Mitch Johnson said. "There's a lot being talked about, words like competitiveness, resolve, togetherness, execution — who gives a damn about the word experience? They had to go out and execute, and they did."Finals Preview: Spurs vs Knicks RematchThe win sets up an NBA Finals repeat of this season's NBA Cup final, which the Knicks won with a 124-113 defeat of San Antonio last December in Las Vegas. The matchup presents significant challenges for the Spurs, who will need to adjust to the Knicks' physical style of play."A lot of physicality, hit first, and rebounding," Champagnie said of the Knicks. "It will be a nice challenge for us." With Wembanyama's emergence as a superstar and the team's unexpected championship run, the Spurs enter the Finals as underdogs with momentum on their side.

Game‑7 Thriller Sends Spurs to NBA FinalsThe Spurs rallied to a 111‑103 victory over the reigning champions, ending the Western Conference finals in dramatic fashion and earning a showdown with the New York Knicks.Key Performances That Turned the TideVictor Wembanyama anchored the win and was later crowned series MVP. Supporting him, Julian Champagnie contributed 20 points, Dylan Harper provided a dangerous spark off the bench, and backup Luke Kornet delivered a crucial block in the fourth quarter.Scoreline and Series Stats Highlight the UpsetFinal score: 111‑103 (Spurs over Thunder)Game 7 decided the Western Conference championWembanyama named series MVPWhat the Victory Means for the Western Conference LandscapeThe win shatters expectations for the Thunder, who entered the series as defending champions, and signals a shift toward a new era led by Wembanyama’s Spurs. The performance underscores the depth of the Spurs roster and their ability to close out high‑pressure games.Looking Ahead: Spurs vs. Knicks in the FinalsGame 1 of the NBA Finals is set for Wednesday in San Antonio, pitting the Spurs against the New York Knicks. Both teams will look to capitalize on their momentum, with the Spurs hoping to translate their Game 7 resilience into a championship, while the Knicks aim to defend their Eastern Conference crown.