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Conservationists are racing through Queensland’s rain‑forested creeks to locate the rare Conondale spiny crayfish, a relic that has survived for millions of years but now teeters on the brink of extinction.The Race to Locate the Elusive Conondale Spiny CrayfishAt an undisclosed creek in the hinterland of Queensland’s Sunshine Coast, Ollie Scully wades barefoot with a torch, searching for the prized crustacean. After hours of scouring the rocky bottom, a juvenile about 15 cm long emerges, its claw still regenerating after a likely encounter with a metre‑long eel – a known predator that can drop its claws in self‑defence.“It’s a Conondale … one of the giants,” Scully notes, describing the creature as “incredibly captivating.” The find underscores the fragility of a species that has persisted for roughly 100 million years yet now confronts unprecedented threats.Escalating Threat Numbers: From Three to Thirty‑Six Species on the Threatened ListAustralia hosts 52 known species of spiny crayfish, all endemic.In 2019, only 3 species were listed as threatened.Today, that figure has risen to 36 species, with more expected to join the list.These statistics illustrate a rapid slide toward endangerment, driven by habitat loss, altered waterways and increasing predation pressures.Why Australia’s Freshwater Giants Face a Rapidly Changing HabitatEcologist Dr Nick Whiterod of the Coorong Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth Research Centre emphasizes that most Australians are unaware of the “spinies” lurking beneath their feet. He points to accelerating climate change, more frequent bushfires and human‑induced habitat modification as the primary catalysts of decline.“They’ve withstood everything Australia has thrown at them, but the rate of change is escalating in terms of climate, fire and what humans have done to alter their habitat,” Whiterod warns.What the Future Holds for the Spiny CrayfishBoth Scully and Whiterod call for a coordinated national effort, combining genetic research, habitat restoration and public education. Without decisive action, the spiny crayfish could disappear from Australia’s freshwater ecosystems, erasing a lineage that dates back to the age of dinosaurs.Continued monitoring, protection of critical creek habitats and stronger legislative safeguards are identified as the most viable pathways to ensure these ancient creatures survive for generations to come.

The Controversial Non-Runner DecisionHow long must Epsom wait to catch a break? The main elements were all in place for a feelgood running of the Derby on Saturday: a double-figure field, the major trial winners all in the lineup, and fresh incentives launched to encourage walk-up punters back to the infield. The weather gods, though, had other ideas.Would Christmas Day have won on good-to-firm ground? Perhaps. Every horse has its chance, after all. But he was surely not a 7-1 shot had the rain not arrived, having finished only third in the Dante Stakes in May, when he was running on ground without "soft" in the description for the first time. As Ronan Whelan, Christmas Day's rider, put it, the "stars aligned" for Aidan O'Brien's fourth-string, who beat both James J Braddock, the third horse home on Saturday, and Pierre Bonnard, the seventh, on soft ground at Leopardstown in April. As things stand, though, it is hard to see him as anything more than a very average winner of the Derby, and his next race, which could be as soon as the Irish Derby later this month, will do more to establish his place in the three-year-old generation.The Non-Runner Ruling and Its AftermathIf or when he next runs into Maltese Cross, Saturday's runner-up, on good ground or better, my money would be on William Haggas's colt to reverse the form. Tom Marquand had little choice but to drop him into midfield from his wide draw in stall one, and he was the only runner to make significant ground on the winner, who was perfectly positioned throughout, in the closing stages, despite clearly hating the ground.For as long as humans race thoroughbreds, though, Christmas Day will be in the record books as the 2026 Derby winner, so fair play to the "lads" in the Coolmore Stud syndicate for letting him take his chance. And respect too to the punters who read back through his form, pondered the weather forecast and backed him down to single-figure odds, from as big as 25-1 after the final declarations and draw on Wednesday.Respect, though, is no substitute for hard cash, and many of Christmas Day's backers suffered the post-race slap in the face of a 25p Rule 4 deduction in every pound of their winnings after the stewards decided that Benvenuto Cellini, the 3-1 favourite, had been denied a fair start and should be declared a non-runner. Benvenuto Cellini, O'Brien's first-string with Ryan Moore holding the reins, had a hind leg on the inside rail of his starting stall when the gates opened. He was slow to stride as a result and eventually crossed the line in 10th having never threatened to land a blow on his stable companion.This according to Shaun Parker, the British Horseracing Authority's head of stewarding, was enough for the stewards to decide that Benvenuto Cellini's chance had been "materially affected", and that the officials did not "feel we had any choice but to declare him a non-runner". The rule covering Saturday's incident dates back to April 2024, before which horses could be declared non-runners only as a result of faulty action of the starting stalls or if they were riderless at the off. It has been called into action several times since – last month, Cashbox was declared a non-runner at Windsor in near-identical circumstances – but ruling out the 3-1 favourite for Flat racing's showpiece Classic is clearly of a very different order of magnitude.Financial Implications of the DecisionThe rule, as is the case with many of those in racing, is designed with punters in mind, and ensuring that they get a fair run for their money. As Parker framed it on Saturday: "If you'd backed the favourite and that's happened to you at the start, it would be very difficult to explain why we didn't think that it had materially affected his chances and they'd actually lost their money." Benvenuto Cellini's backers were no doubt happy to get their stake money back after seeing their horse trail home down the field, and the betting firms that were willing to take a significant hit by waiving the Rule 4 deduction, including Ladbrokes, Coral and Boylesports, deserve a name-check.In the view of this longtime punter, at least, it was a poor decision, made as the result of a rule seeking to micromanage events that should fall instead into the realm of tough racing luck. All manner of incidents at the start can "materially affect" a horse's chance. It may rear a split-second before the stalls open. Will that be sufficient to see a horse declared a non-runner at Royal Ascot next week? And if not, why not? The stewards' decision also not only cost most backers of Christmas Day money, it cost the sport money given racing draws significant funding from both turnover and betting firms' gross profits, and the Derby is one of the biggest betting races of the year.Impact on Horse Racing's FutureThe "fair start" rule was introduced with good intentions, but while no one enjoys backing an unlucky loser it is an inevitable part of betting on horses. What punters absolutely detest, however, is backing a winner at a good price and then losing a decent chunk of their anticipated return. As for the Classic weekend as a whole, Saturday's weather washed away any hopes of a 60,000-attendance over the two days, but the attendance of 22,557 for the Derby was the highest since 2022 and the two-day total of 48,261 was 28% up on last year.A promising year one, in other words, in the Jockey Club's £6m, five-year plan to revive the Derby. And the weather, we hope, can only be better next year.

The Lead: Iran's Defiance After 100 Days of ConflictTehran, Iran – Iranian authorities remain defiant 100 days into the war launched by the United States and Israel as no lasting resolution appears in sight, and civilians bear the brunt of a conflict that has roiled global markets.On the streets of the capital, Tehran, most shops are open, although not with as many customers as before. Traffic has been restored, but only partially, since millions of jobs have either been suspended or eliminated after nationwide protests, aerial bombardment and two state-imposed internet shutdowns over the past several months.Armoured vehicles, heavy weaponry and security forces continue to be common sights in the metropolis of about 10 million people at all hours of the day.At night, armed forces are setting up numerous checkpoints across the city, escorting motorcades of state supporters blasting religious slogans. Main squares and many streets are typically closed so that people can gather, often heard chanting slogans against the US and Israel.The Power Transition: Leadership in CrisisPro-government messaging and flags of the Lebanese group Hezbollah and other members of the Tehran-backed "axis of resistance" are widely featured in banners and billboards across Iran.Some vehicles and city murals bear images of Mojtaba Khamenei, who was selected as supreme leader by a clerical body after the assassination of his father, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, on the first day of the war.Mojtaba Khamenei, who was reportedly wounded in the same US-Israeli strikes that killed his father and other family members, has not been seen or heard from publicly since taking the helm, except for written messages attributed to him.The authorities have yet to hold funeral processions for Ali Khamenei, who ruled Iran for nearly 37 years. His family members were buried a week ago, and other top commanders and officials killed on February 28 were also buried months later.Economic Collapse: Hyperinflation and Currency CrisisYears-long economic woes have only worsened after oil and gas facilities, major steel and aluminium producers and industrial units were extensively bombed across the country. Trump has threatened more attacks against power plants and other civilian infrastructure if the war resumes. Many homes, hospitals, schools, offices and universities are in ruins or suffered damage.Inflation was running unchecked at nearly 84 percent year-on-year during the second month of the Persian calendar year that ended on May 21, according to the Statistical Center of Iran. Food inflation was at 130 percent for the same period, with solid vegetable oil up 431 percent, eggs 342 percent, chicken 287 percent and imported rice by 222 percent compared to the same month of the previous year.Iran's national currency, the rial, is also in the doldrums. On Sunday, it traded at about 1.77 million per US dollar in Tehran's open market – near an all-time low.The stock market has been rising after a controlled reopening last month, which experts told Al Jazeera was predominantly due to inflation, and the side effects of returning after nearly three months of total shutdown. After deals were concluded for Sunday in the Tehran Stock Exchange, the main index was on the verge of retaking the all-time high threshold of 4.5 million points first reached at the start of 2026.Geopolitical Chess: Control of Strategic WaterwaysThe institutions of the Islamic Republic survived and remain in power, as do many officials, including leaders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), who have continued to heavily disrupt the flow of energy and goods through the Strait of Hormuz while fighting off the US blockade of Iran's ports.After roughly 40 days of intense war and thousands of strikes, followed by months of tense "ceasefire" that has now included overnight exchanges of fire for more than a week, an interim deal to reopen the strategic waterway has not materialised. Any longer-term peace deal seems further out of reach.On Sunday, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tehran hosted Pakistan's interior minister, the mediating country which itself was hosting an envoy from Lebanon, in an attempt to bridge gaps over Hezbollah and other issues with the US.In an editorial on Sunday marking the 100-day milestone, the hardline Keyhan newspaper, whose editor-in-chief was appointed by Ali Khamenei, said the experience has taught the system that "America retreated because of missiles, not negotiations"."Disrupt [Donald] Trump's game by halting negotiations and closing the Bab al-Mandeb Strait," Keyhan wrote about the strategic waterway off the coast of Yemen, arguing that the US president is using the talks to keep global oil prices under control.Military Resilience: Iran's Defense CapabilitiesArmed forces have demonstrated that despite the widescale bombing of Iran's military installations, including facilities dug deep into mountains, they retain the ability to fire ballistic and cruise missiles, as well as a variety of drones. They have also continued to shoot down a number of US drones, even though numerous air defense batteries were destroyed during the war.Most Iranian military aircraft and large vessels have also been destroyed, but the IRGC continues to deploy its fast boats and small vessels to advance objectives in the strait.Iranian authorities say they wish to entrench control over the strait and monetise passage, keep highly enriched uranium – now likely buried under the rubble of bombed facilities – inside the country to prevent future attacks, and secure relief from decades of sanctions and asset freezes that have battered the economy.Society Under Siege: Daily Life and RepressionConcerns about assassination and intelligence leaks remain high, keeping the parliament closed, except for a handful of limited or online sessions. Universities and schools have also remained shut, and many deferred exams are expected to be held online. A number of police forces are working from desks set up in the streets after their stations were bombed.The internet has been partially restored after the longest nationwide shutdown in any country, but remains heavily throttled by the authorities, who clamp down on Starlink or other connections that circumnavigate their filtering.The judiciary continues to announce near-daily executions of dissidents, including people arrested during the current war, during the nationwide protests in January and the 12-day war with Israel and the US almost a year ago. Tens of thousands have been arrested over recent months, and many will face intensified punishments based on a law approved after last year's war to punish charges of spying and working for hostile governments.Future Outlook: A Prolonged Conflict with Global ImplicationsAs Iran enters the fourth month of conflict with the United States and Israel, the path to resolution remains unclear. With both sides maintaining hardline positions and the economic situation deteriorating rapidly for ordinary Iranians, the conflict shows no signs of de-escalation.The control of strategic waterways like the Strait of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandeb will likely continue to be a focal point, with potential global repercussions for energy markets and shipping routes.International mediation efforts, including those by Pakistan and other regional actors, may intensify as the humanitarian and economic costs mount, but the fundamental disagreements over Iran's nuclear program, regional influence, and the future of the Islamic Republic's leadership structure remain deeply entrenched.

The 100‑Win Milestone at Balaton ParkMarc Marquez celebrated his 100th victory across all classes by winning the Hungarian Grand Prix at Balaton Park on 7 June 2026. The 33‑year‑old Spaniard, fresh from shoulder and foot surgery, out‑paced KTM’s Pedro Acosta to claim his first win since the San Marino Grand Prix in 2025 and his 74th MotoGP victory. Ducati also marked its 100th win in the premier class, with teammate Francesco Bagnaia finishing third. Numbers Behind the Celebration100 career wins – Marquez joins only Giacomo Agostini (122) and Valentino Rossi (115) in the century‑win club.74 MotoGP wins – the most by any rider in the modern era.100 Ducati wins – a milestone for the Italian manufacturer.Race distance: 20 laps, with Marquez taking the lead on lap 15 and building a decisive gap. Strategic Ripple Effects Across MotoGPThe victory reshapes the early‑season leaderboard. Marquez’s comeback injects fresh pressure on championship leader Marco Bezzecchi and Aprilia, whose weekend was marred by a multi‑rider crash that eliminated three of its bikes. The incident, involving Jorge Martin and Bezzecchi, underscores the heightened risk on the newly laid tarmac at turn 1. What the Victory Means for the Rest of 2026Marquez’s win signals a potential resurgence in the title fight, especially as he demonstrated strong pace after a sprint‑race victory from pole. If his recovery continues, he could challenge Aprilia’s dominance and force a three‑way battle with Ducati and KTM for the championship. Teams will likely prioritize bike setup for the slippery new surface, while riders will watch closely how Aprilia addresses the crash‑related setbacks.

The Rise of Mirra Andreeva Mirra Andreeva's recent French Open triumph has not only marked a significant milestone in her young career but has also brought attention to the influential role her coach, Conchita Martínez, has played in her success. The 19-year-old's victory, achieved by defeating Maja Chwalinska in straight sets, underscores the value of a strong player-coach relationship, particularly when that coach is a woman. The Power of Female Coaches in Tennis The partnership between Andreeva and Martínez exemplifies the growing impact of female coaches in professional tennis. Martínez, a seasoned coach with a deep understanding of the game, has been instrumental in helping Andreeva navigate the pressures of competing at the highest level. Their relationship is built on mutual respect, trust, and a playful rapport that has clearly contributed to Andreeva's rapid rise through the ranks. Breaking Down Barriers The success of Andreeva and Martínez, as well as that of Marta Kostyuk and her coach Sandra Zaniewska, highlights the importance of female coaches in tennis. Despite their relatively small numbers, female coaches are making a significant impact, bringing a unique perspective and approach to the sport. Their ability to connect with their players on a personal level, often better than their male counterparts, is a key factor in their success. A New Era for Women's Tennis As the tennis world continues to evolve, it is likely that we will see more female coaches taking on prominent roles. The experiences of Andreeva and Kostyuk serve as powerful examples of the positive impact that female coaches can have on a player's career. With their guidance, young players like Andreeva are able to reach new heights and achieve their full potential. The Future of Tennis Coaching Looking ahead, it is clear that the role of female coaches in tennis will only continue to grow. As more women enter the coaching ranks, they will bring with them new ideas, new approaches, and a fresh perspective on the game. For players like Mirra Andreeva, this can only be a positive development, one that will help shape the future of the sport.

Record‑Breaking Scale of the 2026 World CupThe 2026 edition is already the grandest tournament in history, featuring the first three‑nation host arrangement (Canada, Mexico, United States), 16 host cities and a total of 104 matches. Organisers claim the event will eclipse the 1994 attendance record of 3.5 million, even though ticket sales have been slower than expected.Expanded Format and Triple‑Nation HostingFor the first time, the competition expands to 48 teams, up from 32, creating four additional groups and increasing the total match count by 36. Four debutants – Cape Verde, Uzbekistan, Jordan and Curacao – join the field, the highest number of newcomers since 2006.Host nations: Canada, Mexico, United StatesCities: 16 across North AmericaTotal teams: 48 (including 4 debutants)Players making first World Cup appearance: 891Financial and Statistical MilestonesThe prize fund reaches a new high of $727 million, with the champions slated to receive $50 million and every participant guaranteed at least $10.5 million. Individual financial highlights include Cristiano Ronaldo’s $1.4 billion net worth, making him the richest player in World Cup history.Most titles: Brazil – 5 championshipsAll‑time top scorer: Miroslav Klose – 16 goalsMost goals in a single tournament: Just Fontaine – 13 goals (1958)Youngest player 2026: Gilberto Mora – 17 years, 240 daysOldest player 2026: Craig Gordon – 43 years, 162 daysHighest‑valued player: Cristiano Ronaldo – $1.4 bnMost World Cup appearances: Lionel Messi – 26 matchesShifts in Player Demographics and Club RepresentationThe tournament showcases a younger average squad age for Ivory Coast (25.48 years) and an older average for Colombia (29.98 years). Seven teams field players aged 40 or above, highlighting increased career longevity.Club representation is heavily skewed toward European powerhouses. Manchester City supplies the most players (19), followed by FC Bayern (18) and Paris Saint‑Germain & Arsenal (16 each). Six nations – including Cape Verde and Uruguay – will have zero domestically‑based players, underscoring the globalisation of talent.What the Numbers Hint at for Future TournamentsWith a larger footprint, higher prize money and a broader player pool, the 2026 World Cup is likely to set new commercial benchmarks. The mix of youthful squads and veteran stars suggests a competitive balance that could drive higher viewership and sponsorship interest. If ticket sales pick up, the attendance record set in 1994 may finally be broken, paving the way for even larger formats or additional host nations in subsequent editions.

The Historic Gathering in MadridAn oceanic crowd filled the streets of Madrid with chants, cheers, and applause to greet Pope Leo XIV on the second day of his weeklong apostolic journey to mainland Spain and the Canary Islands. The Vatican and local organizers reported approximately 1.2 million people braved the heat to attend the landmark event at Cibeles Square, which is expected to be the largest gathering during the Pope's visit to the country.The Papal Mass at Cibeles SquareThrongs of people pressed along barriers near the square, waving flags and shouting "Long live the pope," as Leo arrived in his white popemobile. Some tossed flower petals marking his arrival. The square, best known as the rallying point for Real Madrid football fans celebrating the club's titles, transformed into a massive venue for religious celebration."May Madrid continue to be a welcoming and inclusive city, where social life is inspired by true human values," the pontiff wrote in the guestbook as he was handed the key to the city by its mayor.A Week of Spiritual EngagementLeo began his trip on Saturday by meeting migrants and the homeless and attending a vigil with about 600,000 young people in Madrid. His June 6-12 visit also includes stops in Barcelona and the Canary Islands, where he will meet migrants and refugees who risked their lives crossing there from West Africa."I am delighted that he is praying for us migrants and for our safety," said Andrea Margarita, a 72-year-old Peruvian who arrived in Spain six months ago, as she waited in the crowd in a wheelchair with her daughter.The Pope's Message to the WorldThe Pope emphasized that his visit, his first to a European Union country outside Italy, would set an example to the world about respecting "every human being." He urged leaders to stop dividing electorates, highlighting a message of unity and inclusivity during a time of political polarization across Europe and beyond.Continuing the Apostolic JourneyAfter the mass, Leo was scheduled to hold a private meeting with fellow members of his Augustinian religious order in the afternoon before meeting figures from the world of entertainment, sport, and culture at a concert venue in central Madrid. The Pope's visit continues to draw significant international attention as he engages with various communities across Spain.

The Final Showdown at Roland-Garros Salut à tous et bienvenue à Roland-Garros 2026 – dernier jour! The French Open men's singles final is set to feature Alexander Zverev against Flavio Cobolli, with both players having taken different paths to reach this prestigious final. Zverev's Quest for Grand Slam Glory Alexander Zverev has probably spent most of his life assuming that, at some point, he'd become a grand slam champion – let's be real, his demeanour has never hidden it. And though he lost the 2020 US Open final to Dominic Thiem from two sets up, followed by a five-set final to Carlos Alcaraz in the 2024 edition of this competition, the feeling persisted that, though he struggled to find his best game when he needed it most, his time would come. Except he then made the 2025 final in Melbourne, endured an exhibition spanking from Jannik Sinner, and something within him changed – how couldn't it? He was good, but he was significantly less good than the two best, fading as they grew, and there was no sense he could best both in a two-week major. The Opportunity of a Lifetime Which makes this fortnight the opportunity of a lifetime, Alcaraz injured and Sinner beaten by illness. The question now, though, is whether that inspires him or ratchets pressure up to such paralysing degree it prevents him from performing; neither outcome would be surprising. The Underdog's Rise: Flavio Cobolli And, though many seem to consider a final against Flavio Cobolli to be as close to as gimme as you can get, that is not really the case. Of course, Zverev is good enough to win in straight sets, but he faces an opponent who, it's been clear for several years now, has the talent to challenge the elite. His forehand is a tremendous shot, he returns superbly and moves beautifully, perhaps the quickest player on tour. But more than that, he competes like he means it and, though of course he'll be nervous, he won't freeze – partly because he doesn't carry the weight of expectation, mainly because he's just one of those many sportsfolk built differently to the rest of us, the warmth of his embrace turning fear into opportunity. He will be ready. The Cultural Significance of Sport Broadly speaking, we invented sport because we wanted to know who was the fastest, the strongest and the best. But that was a while ago now, and the behemoth we nurtured now serves an entirely different purpose: in a fragmented, atomised, divided world, sport is company and in sport is community, a real-time, real-life friend and family. If we're sad, lonely or bored, we know sport has our back, caring, nurturing and teaching with gentle omnipresence, asking nothing in return. If we're happy, in company and engaged, we know sport has our back, caring, nurturing and teaching with gentle omnipresence, asking nothing in return. Anticipation for the Final For these reasons, even the worst sport is better than the best almost everything else – and verily has the French Open 2026 been not that. Over the last fortnight, we've had bestowed upon us a succession of barely believable matches and outcomes, our days enriched and our existences affirmed by a raft of compelling stories that remind us how to feel, a joy shared across the world – so too the knowledge that we'll be talking about what we've lived for as long as we live. That is a precious, restorative elixir to carry with us … but now we want the final we and the tournament deserve. What to Expect And so will we, caring for ourselves by caring about this, the experience of being us made better by the unique captivation of Roland-Garros 2026. Chauette! On y va! Play: 3pm local, 2pm BST

The Geopolitical Crossroads: Armenia's Democratic Test Voting is under way in Armenia's parliamentary election, seen as a test of the government's efforts to forge a peace deal with rival Azerbaijan and loosen ties with Moscow. Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan and his ruling Civil Contract party are seeking a strong mandate to continue a geopolitical reorientation towards Europe and away from former imperial ruler Russia. The opposition they face includes several parties that are vocally pro-Moscow. Casting his vote on Sunday, Pashinyan said Armenia would continue strengthening its independence, statehood, democracy and rule of law. "The European Union is our main partner in democratic reform implementation and we will continue that path," he said. He also stressed that there were no tensions between Armenia and Moscow, saying, "our relations with Russia are institutional and based on mutual respect," the Armenpress news agency reported. The Strategic Shift: Armenia's Westward Reorientation Pashinyan has moved Armenia closer to the West and away from Russia since coming to power in 2018, drawing the ire of Moscow. Russian officials hit Armenian exports with restrictions in recent weeks, while high-ranking officials, including President Vladimir Putin, have made thinly veiled threats comparing Armenia's path to that already taken by Ukraine. A day before the vote, Armenian investigators said they issued six arrest warrants for members of the Strong Armenia party, accusing them of buying votes. The nation's Central Election Committee confirmed on Saturday that the party could run after a member of another opposition party, Republic, appealed for Strong Armenia to be barred over corruption allegations. Armenia's parliament, the National Assembly, must consist of at least 101 members who are elected for five-year terms. Parties must win at least 4 percent of the vote to take a seat, while blocs made up of three or more parties must hit 8 percent. Two political blocs and 17 parties are taking part in the election. The Economic Calculus: Growth vs. Regional Dependencies Most pollsters and experts have predicted Pashinyan, who came to power in 2018 following sweeping street protests, will come out ahead. Polls opened at 8am local time (04:00 GMT) on Sunday and will close at 8pm (16:00 GMT). Supporters of the incumbent leader have praised his governance, with the gross domestic product per capita doubling since he took power. "I really like how Armenia has been growing right before my eyes," 39-year-old voter Karine Darbinyan told the Reuters news agency at a rally for Pashinyan in Yerevan's central square on Friday. The 51-year-old has also sought to loosen Armenia's dependence on Moscow, after it failed to help during the Karabakh conflict, saying Armenia would pursue a balanced foreign policy after the vote. The Security Dilemma: Peace with Azerbaijan or Return to Conflict Pashinyan has framed the vote as a choice between a lasting peace with Azerbaijan or a return to war. His peace efforts have taken centre stage in his campaign, which includes an agreement he signed at the White House last August with Azerbaijan after an on-and-off war that has raged since the late 1980s. The conflict came to an end in 2023, when the Azerbaijan army seized control of the enclave and most of the Armenian population fled. Maria Titizian, editor-in-chief of EVN Report, an online news magazine based in Yerevan, said the key issues for voters are related to security and identity. "It's about how Armenia should guarantee its security in a profoundly changed, altered regional environment, what kind of relationship it should have with Russia, especially after many of the assumptions that underpinned its post-Soviet security architecture were fundamentally shaken, [and] whether it should continue deepening ties with Europe, the US, and what peace could or should look like with Azerbaijan," Titizian told Al Jazeera, speaking from the capital. The campaign has been marked by fear-mongering, she said, with the incumbent party saying that if the pro-Russian opposition wins, we will "definitely have war with Azerbaijan", and the pro-Russian parties "saying that if we cut ties with Russia, the economic fallout will be catastrophic for the country". The Opposition Challenge: Pro-Russia Forces and Democratic Concerns Pashinyan has faced a wave of criticism from the opposition and some sections of the public who have accused him of capitulating to Azerbaijan. Armenia's opposition is dominated by the Strong Armenia party, formed last year by Russian-Armenian billionaire Samvel Karapetyan, who is under house arrest on charges of plotting a coup. He wants to keep Armenia close to Russia, a key supplier of energy and buyer of exports. At a Strong Armenia rally in Yerevan last week, a woman who gave her name only as Gayane said she supported Karapetyan because he would ensure "that our Armenia remains Armenian". She said her roots were in Nagorno-Karabakh, the breakaway territory inhabited by ethnic Armenians that was retaken by Azerbaijan in the 2023 war. "The current authorities have taken away that hope from us. And Samvel Karapetyan has now given us new hope that we can at least preserve our Armenia and our traditions," Gayane told Reuters. Pashinyan's democratic record is also on the ballot paper. Eight years after he swept to power on a promise to dismantle Armenia's oligarchic system, he faces increasing accusations of democratic backsliding. The government has broadly defended the actions of law enforcement agencies against individuals whom it says are trying to foment coups.