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Opening the Cosmic ConversationThe Guardian’s Notes & Queries column poses a speculative yet culturally resonant question: “If an alien landed and asked you: ‘What is music?’ what would you play for them?” Readers are encouraged to submit answers, with a selection slated for publication next Sunday.The Prompt’s Structure and Publication NoteThe call‑out appears under the byline Heather, Kent and includes a direct email address ([email protected]) for submissions. A brief production note explains that a related question scheduled for 24 May was omitted due to an error.Why This Matters to Cultural EngagementIt leverages curiosity about extraterrestrial life to spark dialogue about the definition and universality of music.By inviting diverse public input, the piece gauges contemporary perceptions of music’s role in human identity.The format reinforces The Guardian’s tradition of interactive journalism, blending speculative thought with community participation.Potential Outcomes and Future InterestResponses will be curated for a Sunday feature, offering a snapshot of collective imagination at a time when space exploration remains a prominent public topic. The selected answers may influence future editorial pieces on art, science, and the intersection of the two.

The Escalating Drone CampaignUkrainian drones have struck energy and industrial targets across several Russian regions, Russian authorities say, in an escalating campaign of strikes against infrastructure. In Saratov, a region on the Volga River with several oil refineries that has come under regular Ukrainian attack in recent years, Governor Roman Busargin said on Sunday on Telegram that "civil infrastructure" had been damaged in the overnight strikes.Strategic Targeting of Energy InfrastructureUkraine's military confirmed that it had struck the Saratov oil refinery overnight, but denied Russian accusations that it had hit the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in Russian-occupied territory. In the Kirov region, northeast of Moscow and about 1,300km (800 miles) from Ukraine, Governor Alexander Sokolov said drones had hit a facility in the Urzhumsky district. The Ukrainian army confirmed the attack, saying it had also hit the Lazarevo oil-pumping station in the region.Regional Impact and Civilian CasualtiesGovernors in the Rostov, Voronezh and Belgorod regions, all of which border Ukraine, also reported strikes, and three civilians were injured in Belgorod. On Ukraine's Russian-controlled Crimean Peninsula, Moscow-backed Governor Sergei Aksyonov said authorities were introducing restrictions on sales of petrol, though he did not specify the reason. Ukraine for months has been attacking fuel infrastructure in southwestern Russia close to Crimea.International Support and Future StrategySeparately on Sunday, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said Ukraine received a new Iris-T air defence missile launcher from Germany as he asked for the provision of more air defence ammunition from Kyiv's allies. "We also need missiles for air defence systems to have sufficient capabilities to repel Russian attacks," Zelenskyy said on Telegram.

The Connection to Nature As a recent study revealed almost half of UK adults now spend less than three hours a week in natural settings such as gardens, parks, fields or woods, we asked readers to tell us about what being outside means to them. Personal Stories of Healing The replies – heartfelt and passionate – came flooding in, with some admitting they just did not have the words to say how important it is. “It’s my happy place, my therapy and a reason to slow down and pause during my busy week,” wrote Hannah Powell from Perrywood garden centres. “I HAVE to look at plants every day. I notice every change in the garden. I sit facing the garden for my breakfast. I look out for nature on the way to work (recently seeing a little owl, red kites, foxes, hares, and more). It helped me get better when I had burnout and FND in London. I wouldn’t (couldn’t) be without it.” The Science Behind Nature's Benefits David Lynch esaid about his love of being outside. “Anxiety levels drop, all worldly concerns are put in perspective and [I] feel younger.” He agreed with others that there was plenty of recent science explaining the health benefits, but added: “I also read about ancient wisdom of Buddhism, which advocates solitary time in nature. All sources uphold the truth that better connection with nature brings better self-awareness and increased sensitivity to the needs of our ecosystem, plus better connection with each other.” The Impact on Mental Health Isabel Romaniw, who is working towards becoming a forest bathing guide, wrote passionately about the basic human need to be outside and to connect with nature. “We are animal, a simultaneously ordinary and yet utterly remarkable part of the great, miraculous tapestry of life on Earth. We have done much to shape our world and influence the fates of almost all other species we share our world with, but we must remember that we are but a tiny chapter, perhaps a footnote, in the ongoing story of the universe, in order to start to heal the damage and repair our relationships with ourselves, with each other, with our other-than-human kin, and with our one precious home.” For Romaniw, as for many others, our disconnection with nature is closely linked to “the worsening physical, mental and spiritual health crises that seem to be going on”. Cherished Memories of Nature Many of you had wonderful memories of times outside. “I was a sickly, pasty, shy, anxious kid,” wrote Mat Jordan. “In the early 70s my parents couldn’t afford to take us to the seaside one year so we went camping in the Peak District instead. It was a revelation. I absolutely loved it. The landscape and dry-stone walls of the white peak are still a favourite, although I spent some years in my 20s living in the Lake District too. One of my favourite memories is driving out of Sheffield into the Peaks with my then baby son to get him to fall asleep and still being awe-struck at the beauty on our doorstep.”

The Hidden Cost Excluding PhD Parents from Childcare SupportThe education secretary, Bridget Phillipson, has asked the Competition and Markets Authority to examine hidden childcare charges. At the same time, the Department for Education’s own eligibility criteria for the 30 hours of funded childcare leave a large group of doctoral researchers without support.Eligibility Rules That Bar PhD Stipend EarnersPhD students on a typical UK Research and Innovation‑funded course earn roughly £20,000 a year. Because their stipend does not meet the narrow definition of “income” used to qualify for the scheme, they are denied the benefit that most working families receive.Eligibility hinges on a technical income definition set by the Conservatives.The Department for Education suggested qualifying by adding 16 hours of part‑time work per week.£8,000 Gap and Income ThresholdsThe author estimates that a PhD‑parent family misses out on about £8,000 of childcare support over the eligible period. This shortfall represents a substantial portion of a household earning £20,000 annually.Funded childcare is intended for families with children under five, offering up to 30 hours per week.PhD stipends fall below the income threshold, despite the parents’ “working family” status.Consequences for Academic Talent and Family ChoicesWithout the support, many doctoral candidates face a dilemma between continuing their research and leaving the programme to seek paid employment. The loss of potential scientists and clinicians could weaken the UK’s research pipeline.Reduced diversity in higher‑education research staff.Potential brain‑drain as talented individuals seek more supportive environments abroad.Possible Policy Revisions Under a Labour AdministrationThe author argues that a future Labour government should broaden the definition of qualifying income and remove the “nerd tax”. A review by the CMA could pave the way for more inclusive criteria, aligning the scheme with its stated goal of supporting working families.Re‑evaluate income definitions to include stipend‑based earnings.Consider flexible work‑hour requirements that recognise doctoral research commitments.

The Water Outage Crisis in Kent "Spitting, fuming, angry and powerless" is how Pat Prestage describes her emotions after a water outage that has affected thousands of homes in Kent during the heatwave. The Extent of the Outages On Wednesday, 8,000 South East Water customers in Whitstable lost water, with 14,000 more in Tankerton, Ashford, and its surrounding areas facing an intermittent supply or low pressure. South East Water's incident manager, Matthew Dean, said on Thursday that 22,000 people had had water supply problems. The Company's Response The company blamed increased demand in the hot weather and asked people to use water only for essential purposes. Customer Frustration Prestage, 67, lives with a disability that makes her more vulnerable to events like this. At 6.30pm on Wednesday, Prestage's water supply in Whitstable went off. Her husband, Martin, tried to ring for an emergency delivery but could not get through to South East Water's emergency line. On Thursday morning, he spent more than an hour queueing for water at a bottle station. The Impact on Residents The Prestages are angry at the company's response, particularly its co-option of what the couple describe as the "blitz spirit" in asking customers with water to ease up on their usage to help those without.

The Champions League Final Disappointment Mikel Arteta spoke of his heartache after a skied penalty from Gabriel Magalhães in the shootout against Paris Saint-Germain ended Arsenal’s hopes of being crowned European champions for the first time. Despite a strong performance, Arsenal were unable to secure the win, with PSG ultimately prevailing in the penalty shootout. Arteta's Post-Match Reaction Arteta was booked for his protests after Noni Madueke tangled with Nuno Mendes. He then watched David Raya pull off a brilliant save from Mendes in the shootout after Eberechi Eze had put his spot-kick wide. It came down to Arsenal’s fifth penalty from Gabriel and the Brazilian was inconsolable after sending his effort over the bar. The Emotional Toll of Defeat "Pain, that's it," said Arteta when asked to sum up his emotions. "When you are so close in the competition, and you are a few penalties away from winning the biggest club competition, that's the way we should feel." He added: "First of all you have to go through that pain, digest it, and turn it into fuel. To improve and to reach a different level, because it would demand a different level with the quality around Europe." The Referee's Controversial Decision Arteta was disappointed that the German referee, Daniel Siebert, decided against awarding a penalty when Madueke went down in the area under pressure from Mendes. "I watched all the penalties in the competition in the last 72 hours, but that easily can be a penalty," he said. "It is not what happened and that's it. We will have to improve to try and get a different outcome." The Future Outlook Declan Rice admitted coming so close was a difficult pill to swallow but backed Arsenal to bounce back. "We will try to take some perspective from how far we have come as a group," the England midfielder said. "Some of the best teams ever have lost on penalties in finals. It's cruel, but that's football. The manager has told us how much he loves us as a group. This is only the start for us."

The Geopolitical Shock to US Inflation MetricsUnited States inflation has accelerated to its fastest pace in three years, driven largely by the fallout from the ongoing US-Israel war on Iran. The Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) index, the Federal Reserve's preferred gauge for inflation, rose by 3.8 percent over the last year in April, following a 3.5 percent increase in March.The Mechanics Behind the 3.8% SurgeOn a month-over-month basis, the PCE Price Index rose by 0.4 percent in April, a deceleration from the 0.7 percent spike seen in March. The primary driver of this acceleration is the energy sector, with goods prices ticking up by 0.7 percent. Petrol prices surged by 5.5 percent, pushing the average cost of a gallon of petrol to $4.42, up from $4.17 the previous month and $2.98 in February.Food prices rose by 0.5 percent, the largest monthly increase since November 2022.Housing and utility costs jumped by 0.6 percent.Consumer spending increased by 0.5 percent, while the savings rate fell by 2.6 percent, indicating consumers are drawing down reserves.The Fed's Dilemma Under New LeadershipThe surge in price pressures places significant pressure on the Federal Reserve ahead of its first policy meeting under new Chair Kevin Warsh, scheduled for June 16-17. The central bank is tasked with reaching its 2 percent target, and the current data suggests that price pressures are likely to persist over the next few months.Despite the uncomfortable inflation picture, the market is trending upward. The Nasdaq is up 0.6 percent and the S&P; 500 is up 0.5 percent, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average is nearly flat at 0.05 percent.Market Outlook and Future TrajectoryAnalysts predict that the Federal Reserve will maintain the 3.50-3.75 percent interest rate range well into 2027. A recent JPMorgan Chase analysis suggests rates will hold steady until mid-2027, with a potential rate hike expected later in the year rather than a cut. This reflects a cautious approach from policymakers who cannot ignore the supply shock feeding into underlying inflation.

The Clash of Eras: A Final for the AgesThe 2026 Champions League final was a heavyweight encounter that pitted the ambition of a rising Arsenal side against the established dominance of Paris Saint-Germain. For Arsenal, the stakes were historic: a first Champions League trophy to follow their first Premier League title in 22 years. For PSG, it was an opportunity to cement a dynastic status by retaining the trophy. The match ended in a 1-1 draw after extra time, with the silverware ultimately decided by the unforgiving nature of a penalty shootout.Defensive Solidity vs. Star PowerMikel Arteta’s tactical masterclass was evident in his selection. Prioritizing defensive stability, he started four center-backs—Gabriel Magalhães, Myles Lewis-Skelly, Piero Hincapie, and Cristhian Mosquera—to stifle PSG's world-class attacking talent. This suffocated the Parisians for large spells, allowing Kai Havertz to score a brilliant early goal. However, Ousmane Dembélé equalized from the penalty spot in the 65th minute, forcing extra time where both sides pushed for a winner but failed to find one.The Decisive Moments of the ShootoutRound 1: Eberechi Eze (Arsenal) missed the target.Round 2: David Raya (Arsenal) saved Nuno Mendes's penalty.Round 3: David Raya (Arsenal) saved Nuno Mendes's penalty again.Round 4: Khvicha Kvaratskhelia (PSG) scored.Round 5: Gabriel Magalhães (Arsenal) missed high, handing PSG the trophy.The turning point came when Gabriel, tasked with the final kick, missed high, allowing PSG to celebrate with red flares. The final scoreline was PSG 5, Arsenal 4 in the shootout.Shifting the Power Balance in European FootballThis victory cements PSG as a dominant European force, breaking the monopoly of traditional powerhouses. For Arsenal, the heartbreak is significant, but the foundation for future success is laid. The tactical shift towards defensive solidity over flair has proven viable at the highest level. Arsenal’s resilience, particularly from their defensive unit, suggests they are a team on the cusp of greatness, despite this final heartbreak.The Road to the Treble for the New KingsWith the trophy secured, PSG will look to complete a domestic treble, leveraging their squad depth and star power. For Arsenal, the focus will shift to regrouping and retaining their core squad to challenge again next season, with the psychological barrier of the final now broken.

The Wildlife DisturbanceDisturbing scenes of wildlife being disrupted at Hampstead Heath went viral on social media after swans and their 12-day-old cygnets were harassed by hordes of swimmers as temperatures reached a record 35C in London. In one particularly distressing video, a swan was seen poking an unhatched egg with its beak after it fell into the water during the chaos.The protected pond, clearly marked with signs prohibiting swimming to protect wildlife, became a makeshift swimming pool as people obliviously splashed around nesting birds including coots, moorhens, and swans who were trying to guard their eggs and young.The Government ResponseEnvironment ministers Mary Creagh and Emma Hardy have written a formal letter to Gregory Jones KC, the chair of the Hampstead Heath committee at the City of London, expressing their "deep concern" over the incident. They described the sight of an adult swan watching an unhatched egg after it fell into the water as "truly heart-wrenching."The ministers referenced the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, which makes it illegal to damage or destroy the nests of wild birds or their eggs, carrying potential penalties of unlimited fines and up to six months in prison for each offense. They specifically asked what steps the City of London would be taking to prevent such incidents from recurring.The Conservation ConcernConservationists responded with dismay after witnessing the scenes, which the local authority, the City of London, called "utterly appalling." Nature charities including the RSPB have criticized the swimmers, emphasizing that this is "a crucial time of year for breeding birds which just want to nest and care for their young in peace."The bird charity urged people to use authorized, lifeguarded swimming spaces rather than nature reserves, highlighting the growing conflict between urban recreational activities and wildlife protection efforts in increasingly crowded city environments.The Future OutlookThe incident has brought renewed attention to the challenges of balancing human recreation with wildlife conservation in urban green spaces. With climate change leading to more extreme heat events, similar conflicts may become more frequent as people seek cooling options in natural areas.The City of London now faces pressure to implement stronger measures to protect the wildlife ponds, potentially including increased patrols, clearer signage, physical barriers, or even designated swimming areas elsewhere on Hampstead Heath to redirect visitors away from sensitive ecological sites.