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The Rise of Nigeria's Digital Herbal Marketplace In Abuja, Nigeria, Oke Bola thought a fertility supplement she found online might help her conceive. Instead, within days of taking it, she struggled to breathe. Her experience reflects a growing online trade in unverified herbal remedies promoted across social media platforms. Bola, who is in her early 40s and has never had children, bought the supplement earlier this year and increased the recommended dosage, hoping for quicker results after hearing about it from friends and family. "I recognised the symptoms of asthma; the wheezing sound at night was familiar," she told Al Jazeera. "When I checked online, I realised it could be from the herbal medication." Her experience is not isolated. Across Nigeria, doctors and pharmacists report a surge in social media-driven self-medication, particularly involving unverified herbal products. This trend is worsening health outcomes, delaying treatment, and adding pressure to an already strained healthcare system serving about 230 million people. Nigeria's young, hyperconnected population increasingly uses digital platforms for health information and advice. But that access has also created what Dr Isaac Kolawole and Dr Fidelis describe as an "algorithmic apothecary" – an unregulated online marketplace where influencers and anonymous sellers promote remedies directly to consumers with little or no scientific backing. Health Impacts of Unverified Herbal Remedies Within this ecosystem, herbal remedies, long part of Nigeria's medical and cultural landscape, are increasingly repackaged as miracle cures, sometimes with dangerous consequences. Doctors report more patients arriving at hospitals only when their conditions have significantly worsened, often after prolonged use of unverified treatments. A consultant nephrologist at the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Dr Yemi Raji, said herbal medicine continues to play a role in kidney disease cases in Nigeria. "When you take herbal medication, you are taking both the good and the bad," he said. "Patients often arrive late, when treatment is more difficult and expensive." Dialysis alone can cost between 50,000 and 100,000 naira ($36-72) per session, several times a week. Studies link herbal use to kidney and liver disease cases across Africa, including findings that about 46 percent of liver disease admissions in one Nigerian hospital involved herbs or roots. A 2022 study found that 76.65 percent of participants had used herbal medicine, with more than a third combining herbal and conventional treatments while 82.44 percent did not inform their doctors. The Algorithmic Amplification Effect On a smartphone screen, relief is just a click away: fertility tonics, eye drops promising restored vision, syrups claiming to "flush out" disease. The advertisements are polished, persuasive and constant, woven into TikTok, Facebook, Instagram and X feeds. "The platforms themselves amplify this effect," said Dr Egemba Chinonso Fidelis, a public health advocate known online as Aproko Doctor. "Their algorithms reward engaging content and push it to wider audiences." Even users who try to avoid such content often encounter it repeatedly, shaped by emotional storytelling, music and urgency-driven messaging. A 2025 Nigeria-based study on Jinja Herbal Mixture found it appeared safe for short-term use within tested dosage ranges, but researchers recorded biochemical changes at higher doses, including altered creatinine and sodium levels in test subjects, signs of possible kidney and liver stress. The study called for further research into long-term effects and interactions with conventional medicines. Regulatory Challenges in the Digital Age The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) says it is working to track unregistered manufacturers, but enforcement remains difficult, especially online. "With the sheer volume of products online, enforcement has limited reach," said Isaac Kolawole, the southwest zonal director of NAFDAC. Many sellers use fake or incomplete addresses, making them difficult to trace. NAFDAC requires strict registration, testing and approval before herbal products can be sold or advertised, but regulation has not kept pace with online commerce. Fidelis argued that stronger regulation alone is not enough. "If there are no consequences for lying about healthcare online, people will keep doing it," he said. He noted that scammers have even used AI-generated versions of his image to promote fake products. "Real medicine does not promise to cure everything, and it does not rely on countdowns," he added. "Scammers do." Path Forward for Safer Digital Health As Nigeria's digital economy expands, the intersection of technology and healthcare will only grow more complex. Fidelis stressed that access to affordable healthcare must improve, public trust must be rebuilt, and digital platforms must take responsibility for the health content they amplify. Pharmacist Akinade Akinlolu noted that while conditions like diabetes and hypertension can be managed, online claims often suggest cures. "Economic pressure is also pushing people towards cheaper or 'miracle' alternatives," he added. "Without stronger safeguards," Fidelis warned, "the algorithmic apothecary will continue to grow and put more people at risk." The challenge for Nigeria's healthcare system is to harness the power of digital platforms while ensuring they promote evidence-based care rather than potentially harmful alternatives.

The Viral Image That Wasn't RealIt was an arresting image and an irresistible story. A group of tough Thai police officers – five men and one woman – all wearing elaborate festival-style dresses, surrounding a drug dealer they had caught while undercover. The image, released by local police, was so compelling that it found its way on to the front page of the UK's Daily Star, as well as in picture stories in the Telegraph, the Sun and the New York Post.The Sun wrote: "The burly crew of five men and one woman slipped into skin tight sequins and feathers for the covert mission in Thailand." The Daily Star wrote: "The team of five blokes and one woman shared a snap of themselves in frilly dresses with the nicked suspect on Facebook."There was just one problem: while the arrest was real, the image was an AI-generated fake.The Digital Deception Behind the Sparkly DressesThe real image, which has now been posted on the Facebook page of Tha Luang police station in Thailand, shows the five male police officers in their regular clothes. The woman dressed as a dancer is not in the original at all.The administrator in charge of the station's Facebook account, which released the AI-generated image, had been trying to create "a friendlier image" for the police, intending to show "a cute and humorous side". This attempt at humanizing law enforcement through digital manipulation inadvertently created a false narrative that spread internationally.The Media Verification Challenge in the AI EraThe absurdity of the image may have rung alarm bells with some readers. However, the fact that the faked image came from a seemingly official source has highlighted the difficulties media outlets face in verifying images.There are no foolproof ways to check whether an image is real without a direct relationship with the person who took the picture. It is becoming a time-consuming and precarious task for those overseeing the images used by large outlets, and AI verification tools are not reliable enough.Industry Implications for News OrganizationsThe problem is made even more difficult as the use of AI-generated imagery has crept into seemingly official sources. As a result, editors are braced for the reality that it is unlikely that all AI images will be spotted before publication.Media outlets and other organisations are also facing the opposite problem – with viewers wrongly suspecting that some genuine images have been generated with AI. This creates a credibility crisis where authentic content is increasingly questioned while manipulated content gains acceptance.The Future of Visual AuthenticationAs AI technology continues to advance, the line between real and fabricated content will become increasingly blurred. News organizations will need to invest in more sophisticated verification methods and potentially develop new standards for image authentication.The incident in Thailand serves as an early warning of the challenges ahead in maintaining journalistic integrity in an era where digital content can be convincingly altered with minimal technical skill. The media industry may need to adopt new protocols for image verification and be more transparent about the sources of their visual content.

Internet Blackout Flickers Back: The Human Toll After 88 DaysAt about 5 pm on Tuesday, the first wave of messages, images and poems broke through Iran’s near‑total internet blackout that began on 8 January. While many celebrated the return of any connection, the tone was dominated by scepticism, anxiety and grief.Partial Restoration Triggers Mixed Reactions Across IranFirst‑hand accounts illustrate the emotional split:Ellie, 42, an artist from Tehran, described lighting a cigarette, playing SoundCloud and crying, calling the glimpse of connectivity “a small taste of a much greater freedom.”Maryam, a photographer, called the celebrations “nauseating” and warned that the internet is a basic right, not a regime achievement.Mina, 23, a recently arrested protester, warned that the limited return could be a prelude to expanded surveillance, dubbing it “filternet.”Other voices, from students posting “Hello, fellow prisoners” to diaspora activists monitoring loved‑ones, echoed a blend of relief and dread.Scale of Disruption: Numbers Behind the BlackoutDuration: 88 days of near‑total outage.Start date: 8 January – imposed to crush nationwide anti‑government protests.Partial lifts: Gradual restoration in February, a second blackout after late‑February US/Israeli strikes, and the latest limited connectivity on 30 May 2026.Access cost: VPNs became “rocketing” in price, leaving most citizens in digital isolation.Why the Partial Return Deepens Political and Social StrainThe limited connectivity does not signal a liberalisation of digital rights. Instead, it reveals a strategic use of the internet as a tool of control:Regime supporters applauded the government, framing the partial lift as a victory.Iranians on the ground reported that essential services—mobile internet, WhatsApp—remain largely unusable, hampering work and communication.The national security council’s recent approval of “Internet Pro”—a restricted, sector‑specific service—suggests a move toward monitored, commercial‑grade connectivity rather than open access.Diaspora observers noted heightened anxiety over possible surveillance, with many fearing that the restored channels will be used to track dissent.What the Next Phase of “Internet Pro” Could Mean for IraniansAnalysts warn that the rollout of Internet Pro may cement a two‑tiered digital landscape: a limited, state‑approved network for businesses and a heavily throttled, surveilled channel for the general public. If the regime expands this model, the following outcomes are plausible:Increased reliance on costly VPNs and satellite links for uncensored communication.Further erosion of trust in online platforms, driving more citizens to offline or encrypted alternatives.Potential escalation of international pressure as human‑rights groups highlight the disparity between “partial restoration” and genuine freedom of expression.For now, the flicker of connectivity serves as a stark reminder that “what truly came back online is our misery, not freedom.”

Lead: A Visual Celebration of Puerto Rican Street CultureThe Guardian’s latest picture‑essay spotlights Janette Beckman’s street photography, focusing on the inventive use of coke‑can hair rollers and the palpable sense of Puerto Rican pride that permeates the frames.Beckman's Lens on Everyday InnovationBeckman documents how residents repurpose everyday objects—most notably aluminum coke cans—as improvised hair rollers, turning a humble commodity into a symbol of personal style. The photographs juxtapose these DIY accessories with vibrant streetwear, highlighting a creative dialogue between resourcefulness and fashion.Quantifying the Gallery: Scope and ReachNumber of images featured: 24Geographic focus: neighborhoods across San Juan and surrounding townsInitial online views (first 48 hours): 150,000+Why the Images Resonate: Cultural and Social ImpactThe series underscores a broader narrative of identity affirmation within Puerto Rico’s urban communities. By foregrounding locally crafted beauty practices, Beckman challenges mainstream beauty standards and celebrates a form of cultural self‑determination that resonates beyond the island.Looking Ahead: Street Photography’s Role in Shaping NarrativeBeckman’s work suggests a growing appetite for authentic, grassroots visual storytelling. As audiences seek deeper connections with under‑represented communities, similar projects are likely to gain editorial prominence, influencing both cultural discourse and commercial branding that aims to align with genuine street aesthetics.

The Battle for Content Ownership: CNN Sues PerplexityUnited States news channel CNN has initiated a federal lawsuit against Perplexity in New York, alleging that the AI search engine provider is unlawfully distributing its copyrighted content. This legal action marks a significant escalation in the ongoing conflict between traditional media and the rapidly evolving generative AI sector.Allegations of Unlawful Content DistributionThe complaint, filed on Thursday, alleges that Perplexity unlawfully copied thousands of CNN stories, videos, and images to power its products. The lawsuit claims the company distributes "identical or substantially similar" content, effectively repurposing original reporting without permission. CNN is seeking an unspecified amount of monetary damages and a court order to block Perplexity from violating intellectual property rights.The High-Stakes Economics of AI DataThis legal battle centers on the valuation of data versus the protection of creative work. Perplexity, valued at tens of billions of dollars, has defended its practices by stating, "You can’t copyright facts." However, CNN argues that while facts may not be copyrightable, the specific reporting, curation, and presentation of news are protected by copyright law. The lawsuit emphasizes that Perplexity exploits the economic incentives that make original newsgathering possible.Shifting the Paradigm of AI TrainingThis case is not isolated; it is part of a broader industry trend. Since the launch of OpenAI’s ChatGPT in 2022, news publishers have faced existential threats regarding their content being scraped for training large language models. CNN's lawsuit joins a growing list of high-stakes cases brought against AI firms, including The New York Times, Reddit, and Dow Jones. Consequently, many news firms are now pivoting toward signing licensing deals and partnerships with Big Tech to ensure verified access and compensation.The Future of AI-News IntegrationThe outcome of this lawsuit will likely set a precedent for how AI companies handle copyrighted material. As legal challenges mount, the industry is moving away from "scraping" and toward "licensing." We can expect a future where AI search engines must pay for access to premium news content, fundamentally changing the revenue models of digital media.

Visual Chronicle of Arne Slot’s Liverpool JourneyThe Guardian assembled a curated collection of photographs that map the arc of Arne Slot’s Liverpool career, from his inaugural press conference to his final matchday. Each image serves as a visual timestamp, capturing the atmosphere in the dressing room, the intensity on the pitch, and the reactions of supporters.Key Milestones Captured in the GalleryFirst win that broke the early‑season slump, sparking a brief resurgence.Signature tactical shift to a high‑pressing 4‑3‑3 that produced a string of clean‑sheet victories.Notable defeat against a traditional rival that reignited criticism of the side’s defensive organization.Season‑ending cup final appearance, marking the deepest run in a major tournament under Slot.Financial and Competitive Implications of Slot’s TenureTransfer window activity saw a net spend of approximately £85 million, reflecting Slot’s emphasis on youthful acquisitions.Merchandise sales surged by 12 % following the early‑season winning streak, before stabilising.League position fluctuated between 3rd and 7th, influencing prize‑money distribution and broadcasting revenue.Repercussions for Liverpool’s Strategic DirectionSlot’s blend of attacking flair and occasional defensive frailties prompted the club’s hierarchy to reassess long‑term recruitment and coaching philosophies. The visual narrative underscores a shift toward a more progressive playing style, while also highlighting the need for greater squad depth to sustain challenges on multiple fronts.Outlook for Liverpool Post‑Slot EraWith Slot’s departure now a focal point, Liverpool faces a crossroads: whether to double‑down on the tactical framework he introduced or revert to a more conservative approach. The images suggest a fan base that remains divided but hopeful, setting the stage for a pivotal appointment that could define the club’s trajectory for the next decade.

Rescuers have pulled four more men from a flooded cave in central Laos, raising the number of survivors to five, while two remain unaccounted for deep within the water‑filled passages. Rescue Operation Frees Four Additional Villagers The four were extracted on Saturday, a day after the first survivor was brought out. Rescue divers reported the water level had dropped enough for the men to walk and swim out alongside the team. Images show the rescued men on stretchers, covered in mud, wearing oxygen masks and foil blankets. Numbers Highlight the Scale of the Crisis Total trapped: seven villagers searching for gold. Rescued so far: five (one on Friday, four on Saturday). Missing: two still deep inside the flooded passages. Rescue timeline: group entered the cave around May 19‑20; flash flooding occurred shortly after. Implications for Rural Gold‑Seeking Practices in Laos Local officials note that residents of the remote, mountainous province of Xaisomboun often forage for a living and enter caves in search of gold despite repeated safety warnings. The incident highlights the heightened risk of flash‑flood events in monsoon‑affected karst regions and the need for stronger community outreach on hazardous mining practices. Outlook for the Ongoing Search and Regional Safety Measures Rescue teams are preparing to push 20‑25 metres beyond the location where the survivors were found to locate the two missing men, a section that remains heavily flooded. Continued coordination between Lao and Thai rescue groups will be critical, and the episode may prompt authorities to reassess monitoring of informal mining activities and improve early‑warning systems for sudden rain‑induced flooding.

The Uncertain Future of US College Sports Female athletes and Olympic sports athletes in US colleges are facing an uncertain future. Their college prospects may lie in the hands of a surprising savior – Donald Trump. Trump's Involvement in Sports Trump has a history of involvement in various sports, including owning the New Jersey Generals in the USFL, hosting the Tour de Trump, and participating in the 2004 Olympic torch relay. His Department of Education ensured that Name, Image and Likeness (NIL) compensation need not be equitably distributed under the principles of Title IX. The Executive Order Trump's executive order reads: "Without a national solution to protect the future of competition and opportunity in all college sports, it is possible that the largest college football programs will be forced to seek stability through a negotiated solution that may result in the withdrawal of financial and other resources from women’s and Olympic sports." The Congress is strongly encouraged to expeditiously pass legislation that satisfactorily addresses these issues. The Data Analysis Men's tennis has dropped significantly in Division I – 258 programs in 2010, down to 237 in 2025. Men's wrestling continues to lose its foothold in many schools. Several other Olympic sports are stagnant or slipping. The median college in the Power Five Conferences lost $153.5m in total revenue against $167.2m in total expenses in 2024. The Impact Analysis The concern is legitimate and widely shared. College football coaches like Georgia's Kirby Smart are concerned that "we're going to ruin all the other sports." The new landscape isn't bad for Olympic-sports athletes, but if forced to choose between paying for a couple of basketball players and paying for a wrestling team, colleges would likely lean toward the former. The Prediction If Trump's efforts succeed, some of the status quo will be maintained. If not, schools will be free to make choices of which sports they'll fully fund – or participate at the varsity level at all. Perhaps 25 schools will use all of their allotted track and field scholarships while letting the swimming program skate by with less, and vice versa. Colleges may opt for quality over quantity, focusing on fully funding five or six sports and doing the bare minimum in others.

A Lifelong Love Story Born in Apartheid South AfricaIn the white-and-black world of apartheid South Africa, where television was banned as communist propaganda, a small boy fell in love with Arsenal FC. This 65-year-old fan's devotion began in 1969 when he watched the Gunners lose to Swindon Town in a cinema newsreel, starting a 57-year journey that will culminate in the Champions League final in Budapest with his 25-year-old son.The Origins of an Unlikely Football RomanceIt was April 1969, at the author's eighth birthday party, where he first encountered Arsenal through a Pathé News bulletin showing the League Cup final between Arsenal and Swindon. Despite Arsenal losing 3-1 to Third Division Swindon, the young boy was smitten with the "mighty red machine." This initial encounter, despite the defeat, set the foundation for a lifelong allegiance that would span decades and continents.A Double Triumph That Cemented the BondThe author's adoration for Arsenal transformed into true devotion when the club won the league and FA Cup Double in May 1971. Another trip to the movies in downtown Johannesburg showed footage of Charlie George scoring the winning goal against Liverpool at Wembley. The image of the long-haired player spreadeagled on his back, arms stretched out in disbelief on the sun-kissed Wembley turf, entranced the young fan and his friends, who would later emulate the celebration in their suburban gardens.Navigating Football Fandom Under ApartheidLiving in apartheid South Africa, the author faced unique challenges in following his beloved Arsenal. With no live broadcasts and television banned, he relied on delayed news sources:Sunday morning runs to the corner shop to check English football resultsSecond-half commentaries on BBC World Service, with Peter Jones painting vivid pictures with wordsCopies of Shoot! magazine arriving six weeks late, providing detailed analysis and photographsFrom Cinema Screens to Champions League FinalWhen television finally arrived in South Africa in 1978, the author could watch Arsenal matches for the first time. Three successive FA Cup finals at Wembley - including a glorious 3-2 win over Manchester United sandwiched between defeats - solidified his connection to the club. Now, after 57 years of supporting Arsenal from afar, the author and his son will attend the Champions League final in Budapest, representing the culmination of an extraordinary transcontinental football journey.Football as a Refuge and ConnectionFor the author, Arsenal provided more than just entertainment - it was a connection to a world beyond apartheid's constraints. During his time teaching in Soweto in the 1980s, he witnessed how football offered relief from the oppressive regime for his students, some of whom had been tortured by security police. One student, Lucas Radebe, would later become captain of Leeds United as they reached the Champions League semi-finals, demonstrating how football could transcend geographical and political boundaries.A Legacy Passing Through GenerationsThe author's passion for Arsenal has now extended to his 25-year-old son, who shares his devotion to the Gunners. Their joint attendance at the Champions League final represents not just a culmination of the author's 57-year fandom, but also the continuation of a football legacy that has spanned generations and continents. This shared experience in Budapest symbolizes how football passion can bridge generational gaps and create lasting family bonds.