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The Rise of Nigeria's Digital Herbal Marketplace In Abuja, Nigeria, Oke Bola thought a fertility supplement she found online might help her conceive. Instead, within days of taking it, she struggled to breathe. Her experience reflects a growing online trade in unverified herbal remedies promoted across social media platforms. Bola, who is in her early 40s and has never had children, bought the supplement earlier this year and increased the recommended dosage, hoping for quicker results after hearing about it from friends and family. "I recognised the symptoms of asthma; the wheezing sound at night was familiar," she told Al Jazeera. "When I checked online, I realised it could be from the herbal medication." Her experience is not isolated. Across Nigeria, doctors and pharmacists report a surge in social media-driven self-medication, particularly involving unverified herbal products. This trend is worsening health outcomes, delaying treatment, and adding pressure to an already strained healthcare system serving about 230 million people. Nigeria's young, hyperconnected population increasingly uses digital platforms for health information and advice. But that access has also created what Dr Isaac Kolawole and Dr Fidelis describe as an "algorithmic apothecary" – an unregulated online marketplace where influencers and anonymous sellers promote remedies directly to consumers with little or no scientific backing. Health Impacts of Unverified Herbal Remedies Within this ecosystem, herbal remedies, long part of Nigeria's medical and cultural landscape, are increasingly repackaged as miracle cures, sometimes with dangerous consequences. Doctors report more patients arriving at hospitals only when their conditions have significantly worsened, often after prolonged use of unverified treatments. A consultant nephrologist at the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Dr Yemi Raji, said herbal medicine continues to play a role in kidney disease cases in Nigeria. "When you take herbal medication, you are taking both the good and the bad," he said. "Patients often arrive late, when treatment is more difficult and expensive." Dialysis alone can cost between 50,000 and 100,000 naira ($36-72) per session, several times a week. Studies link herbal use to kidney and liver disease cases across Africa, including findings that about 46 percent of liver disease admissions in one Nigerian hospital involved herbs or roots. A 2022 study found that 76.65 percent of participants had used herbal medicine, with more than a third combining herbal and conventional treatments while 82.44 percent did not inform their doctors. The Algorithmic Amplification Effect On a smartphone screen, relief is just a click away: fertility tonics, eye drops promising restored vision, syrups claiming to "flush out" disease. The advertisements are polished, persuasive and constant, woven into TikTok, Facebook, Instagram and X feeds. "The platforms themselves amplify this effect," said Dr Egemba Chinonso Fidelis, a public health advocate known online as Aproko Doctor. "Their algorithms reward engaging content and push it to wider audiences." Even users who try to avoid such content often encounter it repeatedly, shaped by emotional storytelling, music and urgency-driven messaging. A 2025 Nigeria-based study on Jinja Herbal Mixture found it appeared safe for short-term use within tested dosage ranges, but researchers recorded biochemical changes at higher doses, including altered creatinine and sodium levels in test subjects, signs of possible kidney and liver stress. The study called for further research into long-term effects and interactions with conventional medicines. Regulatory Challenges in the Digital Age The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) says it is working to track unregistered manufacturers, but enforcement remains difficult, especially online. "With the sheer volume of products online, enforcement has limited reach," said Isaac Kolawole, the southwest zonal director of NAFDAC. Many sellers use fake or incomplete addresses, making them difficult to trace. NAFDAC requires strict registration, testing and approval before herbal products can be sold or advertised, but regulation has not kept pace with online commerce. Fidelis argued that stronger regulation alone is not enough. "If there are no consequences for lying about healthcare online, people will keep doing it," he said. He noted that scammers have even used AI-generated versions of his image to promote fake products. "Real medicine does not promise to cure everything, and it does not rely on countdowns," he added. "Scammers do." Path Forward for Safer Digital Health As Nigeria's digital economy expands, the intersection of technology and healthcare will only grow more complex. Fidelis stressed that access to affordable healthcare must improve, public trust must be rebuilt, and digital platforms must take responsibility for the health content they amplify. Pharmacist Akinade Akinlolu noted that while conditions like diabetes and hypertension can be managed, online claims often suggest cures. "Economic pressure is also pushing people towards cheaper or 'miracle' alternatives," he added. "Without stronger safeguards," Fidelis warned, "the algorithmic apothecary will continue to grow and put more people at risk." The challenge for Nigeria's healthcare system is to harness the power of digital platforms while ensuring they promote evidence-based care rather than potentially harmful alternatives.

The Breakup Over New EnglandA significant celestial event occurred over the northeastern United States on Saturday, shattering the sky and alarming residents with seismic-like effects.Physics of the PhenomenonSpeed and Altitude: The meteor was travelling at 75,000 miles per hour (more than 120,000 km/h) at an altitude of 40 miles when it broke apart.Energy Output: The energy released at breakup is estimated to be equivalent to about 300 tons of TNT.Safety Confirmation and Local ImpactArea residents were alarmed by the unexpected loud booms, with social media users reporting they were so powerful that houses were shaking. NASA confirmed that this fireball was not associated with any currently active meteor shower and was a natural object, ruling out space debris or a satellite re-entry.Monitoring the SkiesAs natural objects continue to traverse Earth's atmosphere, the event underscores the importance of real-time monitoring systems to distinguish between natural meteors and potential man-made threats.

The New Job Search FrontierGen Z workers are entering the toughest job market since the pandemic, with the number of job seekers vastly outweighing available positions. As traditional application methods yield diminishing returns, young professionals are turning to social media platforms to showcase their skills and personalities in creative ways. This shift represents a fundamental transformation in how job seekers approach career opportunities in an increasingly digital world.Creative Content as Career CurrencyYoung workers are leveraging platforms like Instagram and TikTok to create video resumes, quirky presentations, and authentic content that highlights their unique value propositions. Sibusisiwe Khupe, 26, exemplifies this approach by describing herself as a "really hot, really talented, really funny" gen Zer in a LinkedIn post, plastering her face across slides with her work experience. Similarly, Anya Roodnitsky created a 94-second Instagram video showcasing her skills with humor and personality, which garnered over half a million views and ultimately led to a job offer.Market Challenges and StatisticsThe global hiring rate has plunged to a five-year low, with the number of applicants for every job opening increasing by nearly 30%, according to LinkedIn data. About 72% of candidates report that the job search negatively affects their mental health, and two-thirds feel burned out before landing a job. College graduates face especially tough conditions, with an unemployment rate of almost 6% compared to 4.2% for all workers of any age, according to Federal Reserve Bank of New York data.Industry Transformation and Employer ResponseAs companies increasingly rely on AI to vet résumés and conduct interviews, job seekers are finding it harder to stand out through traditional channels. This has created a paradox where technology intended to streamline hiring processes is pushing candidates toward more human, creative approaches. Employers are beginning to recognize these unconventional methods, with career experts noting that video content can highlight soft skills like storytelling, enthusiasm, and passion that might be missed in traditional applications.The Future of Job SeekingAs Gen Z continues to reshape the job search landscape, we can expect further evolution in how candidates present themselves and how companies identify talent. While creative social media strategies may not replace traditional applications entirely, they are becoming an increasingly important supplement to job hunting. The most successful approach likely combines innovative content creation with traditional application methods, creating a comprehensive personal brand that resonates with both human recruiters and AI screening systems.

The Partial Internet Restoration Reveals Public AngerThe partial lifting of internet restrictions in Iran has revealed a rising tide of anger about food price inflation as ordinary Iranians decry annual price increases of 308% for vegetable oil, 190% for chicken, and 170% for rice. Iranian authorities began restoring the connection to the global internet that was severed on the first day of the US-Israeli war against the Islamic Republic on 28 February, as it had been during mass protests in January.Connectivity Remains Limited Despite Partial RestorationConnectivity remained patchy on Wednesday, with mobile internet still largely disconnected and many sites remaining restricted. But even the partial restoration was enough to reveal an outpouring of anger over price inflation and food shortages. "Everything is so expensive. It has become a disaster," wrote one user on social media. "You leave the market with a broken heart after spending all your savings. It is unbearable. We have no patience left to lead a normal life."Government Response and Blame-ShiftingPresident Masoud Pezeshkian, who has been given some credit for lifting the internet restrictions, blamed the US for Iran's economic woes, saying Washington "had moved to economic warfare after failing to bring the government down." In a lengthy statement, the ministry of intelligence revealed its concerns that internet freedom could be used for "cognitive warfare", warning that Iran's adversaries aimed to "incite protesters and drag them on to the streets."Hyperinflation Data Reveals Economic CrisisThe government announced the launch of a "resistance economy committee" to crack down on price gouging and address surging shortages, but hyperinflation is now endemic in Iran owing to trade sanctions, exchange rate pressure, and moves taken to reduce subsidies given to traders in January. Data from the International Monetary Fund showed food inflation had risen to between 140% and 200%, pushing overall inflation to 70%. Support for continuing internet restrictions was put at just 9% in a survey published on Wednesday.Government Propaganda and Public ResponseIn an attempt to forestall support for Reza Pahlavi, the son of the late shah, government backers tried to flood the internet with claims directed at "youngsters returning to the internet" that Pahlavi had openly applauded the attacks mounted by Israel and the US. Others expressed simple relief that they could now talk to the wider world. The human rights activist Emadeddin Baghi wrote: "Three bloody months have passed, but not for those who lost a loved one or had their home destroyed. In this period our voices found no echo except on some internal platforms and to the best of our ability we spoke and wrote in defence of the rights of the voiceless."Future Outlook: Digital Rights and Economic InstabilityThe prominent rapper Toomaj Salehi, who was sentenced to death in 2024 for supporting protests in 2022 but was later released, said being connected to the internet was "not a favour to us – it is our right. And without filters as well. Like free elections, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of parties, and many other freedoms, these are our rights and not favours," he wrote on X. With public sentiment increasingly turning against the government and economic conditions worsening, Iran faces a precarious future balancing between maintaining control and addressing growing public discontent.

The LeadIn a surprising turn of events, authorities in Bangladesh have decided to spare a buffalo named after former US President Donald Trump from being sacrificed during a religious ceremony. The decision comes after the story gained international attention and sparked debate about cultural practices and animal welfare.The Event DetailsThe buffalo, which was given the name 'Donald Trump' by its owner, was initially scheduled to be sacrificed during Eid al-Adha, one of Islam's most important holidays when animals are traditionally sacrificed. However, after photos of the buffalo with a sign bearing Trump's name circulated on social media, local authorities intervened to prevent the sacrifice.'We understand the cultural significance of Eid al-Adha, but we also recognize the potential diplomatic sensitivities involved,' stated a local government official who requested anonymity. 'The name choice created an unusual situation that required careful consideration.'The Impact AnalysisThis incident has highlighted the complex relationship between traditional practices and modern sensibilities in Bangladesh. The country, while maintaining its cultural and religious traditions, is increasingly navigating global interconnectedness and its implications.Animal rights activists have praised the decision, viewing it as a victory for animal welfare. Meanwhile, some religious leaders have expressed concerns about potential interference with religious customs, emphasizing that the animal's name should not affect the religious practice itself.The PredictionGoing forward, this incident may prompt more discussions about the naming of animals destined for sacrifice in Bangladesh and other Muslim-majority countries. It could also lead to greater awareness about how cultural practices intersect with international relations and public opinion in an increasingly connected world.

The Sexist Remark That Sparked ControversyParaguayan player Adolfo Daniel Vallejo will be fined after he suggested women lack the courage to umpire rowdy crowds following his marathon five-hour defeat by French teenager Moise Kouame at the French Open. The French Tennis Federation (FFT) swiftly condemned the comments as "unacceptable" and announced the fine.The Match and the Controversial CommentsVallejo blamed Brazilian referee Ana Carvalho for failing to control the home crowd during his second-round loss to France's Moise Kouame, who triumphed 6-3 7-5 3-6 2-6 7-6 (10-8) at a packed Court Suzanne Lenglen."I think this sort of matches should be umpired by a man," Vallejo told Clay magazine. "It's very difficult for a woman to do it because the crowd is very annoying. You need to have a lot of courage to go against the crowd."Vallejo added that Kouame "took up a lot of time on many occasions, lying on the floor or stalling" and claimed the crowd shouting for a full minute without any play was abnormal.The Tournament's ResponseThe FFT issued a strong statement condemning Vallejo's remarks: "The competence of an umpire is not determined by their gender, but by their professionalism and ability to officiate at the highest level. The outcome of a sporting event, whether positive or negative, can never justify or excuse such remarks."The tournament organizers announced they would impose "a significant sanction on Adolfo Vallejo in the form of a fine." The Roland Garros tournament also stated it "strongly condemns all sexist remarks, regardless of who makes them, and offers its support to the match umpire and, more broadly, to all the tournament's umpiring officials."Player's Attempted Damage ControlFollowing the backlash, Vallejo attempted damage control on social media, claiming his comments were taken out of context."I never spoke about women in general, I was referring specifically to the referee, who failed to manage the crowd at any point during the match," he posted on X. "That said, I didn't say I lost because of her either. I congratulated the opponent and it's only natural for the crowd to support the home player."Broader Implications for TennisThe incident highlights ongoing challenges in addressing sexism in sports, particularly in tennis where female officials have historically faced discrimination. The FFT's swift response sends a message that such remarks will not be tolerated at one of the sport's most prestigious tournaments.The 17-year-old Kouame, who was supported by passionate home supporters during the match that lasted nearly five hours, became the youngest French Open match winner since 1991 with this victory.

The Wildlife DisturbanceDisturbing scenes of wildlife being disrupted at Hampstead Heath went viral on social media after swans and their 12-day-old cygnets were harassed by hordes of swimmers as temperatures reached a record 35C in London. In one particularly distressing video, a swan was seen poking an unhatched egg with its beak after it fell into the water during the chaos.The protected pond, clearly marked with signs prohibiting swimming to protect wildlife, became a makeshift swimming pool as people obliviously splashed around nesting birds including coots, moorhens, and swans who were trying to guard their eggs and young.The Government ResponseEnvironment ministers Mary Creagh and Emma Hardy have written a formal letter to Gregory Jones KC, the chair of the Hampstead Heath committee at the City of London, expressing their "deep concern" over the incident. They described the sight of an adult swan watching an unhatched egg after it fell into the water as "truly heart-wrenching."The ministers referenced the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, which makes it illegal to damage or destroy the nests of wild birds or their eggs, carrying potential penalties of unlimited fines and up to six months in prison for each offense. They specifically asked what steps the City of London would be taking to prevent such incidents from recurring.The Conservation ConcernConservationists responded with dismay after witnessing the scenes, which the local authority, the City of London, called "utterly appalling." Nature charities including the RSPB have criticized the swimmers, emphasizing that this is "a crucial time of year for breeding birds which just want to nest and care for their young in peace."The bird charity urged people to use authorized, lifeguarded swimming spaces rather than nature reserves, highlighting the growing conflict between urban recreational activities and wildlife protection efforts in increasingly crowded city environments.The Future OutlookThe incident has brought renewed attention to the challenges of balancing human recreation with wildlife conservation in urban green spaces. With climate change leading to more extreme heat events, similar conflicts may become more frequent as people seek cooling options in natural areas.The City of London now faces pressure to implement stronger measures to protect the wildlife ponds, potentially including increased patrols, clearer signage, physical barriers, or even designated swimming areas elsewhere on Hampstead Heath to redirect visitors away from sensitive ecological sites.

The Lead Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva has denounced the US decision to designate two Brazilian criminal networks as 'terrorists', warning that the label could hinder local law enforcement efforts. Pushback against 'terrorist' label The condemnation came in a message posted to Lula's social media platforms on Friday, in response to an announcement by the administration of US President Donald Trump. On Thursday, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio revealed that he had designated Brazil's two largest criminal groups — the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) and the Comando Vermelho (CV) — 'specially designated global terrorists'. He also outlined plans to add the two groups to the list of 'foreign terrorist organisations', effective June 5. The Data Analysis The 'terrorist' designations freeze all US-based assets connected to the targeted groups, but they can also be used to penalise anyone who offers 'material support or resources' to them. Experts warn that such restrictions could potentially affect financial institutions and even the victims of such groups, including businesses and individuals who might be forced to pay extortion. The Impact Analysis Lula has also expressed concern that the 'terrorist' label could pave the way for US military intervention, a fear he reiterated in Friday's statement. 'We remain fully prepared to develop joint solutions that yield mutual benefits for all nations involved,' Lula wrote. 'However, we will not tolerate the imposition of arbitrary measures from abroad, nor will we accept their use as a pretext to undermine our sovereignty or our economy. Unilateral, non-negotiated measures can undermine the fight against criminals and trigger actions that endanger the lives of people who have absolutely no connection to crime.' The Prediction Security is expected to be a dominant issue in October's presidential race, and this week's 'terrorist' designations are likely to put Lula in an awkward position, forcing him to condemn the label without downplaying the extent of the violence. Lula has attempted to brush off right-wing criticism that he has been lax on crime, pointing to his government's recent $11bn investment in the 'Brazil Against Organized Crime' programme.

The LeadIga Swiatek has called for the French Open to make changes to the layout of their courts after multiple players were forced to withdraw this week having been injured when tripping over obstacles at the back of the Roland Garros courts. The world number one player expressed concern that the current setup is not safe for competitors.The Court Safety CrisisThe most recent incident occurred on Friday when Turkish player Zeynep Sonmez ran into one of the Lacoste advertising boards placed at the back of the court and fell to the floor. After a medical time out, Sonmez, alongside her partner Tatjana Maria, was forced to retire from her second round doubles match while trailing 2-0.Earlier in the week, Belgian player Alexander Blockx was forced to withdraw after injuring himself on the rain covers at the back of a practice court. In a statement on Instagram, Blockx revealed: "Unfortunately during today's practice I heard a snap in my ankle while I sprained it thanks to the 'really necessary' covers at the back of the court at Roland Garros, which is why I had to withdraw from tomorrow's match."Great Britain's Katie Boulter also had a near miss, saying the boards need to be removed after she tripped on one during her second-round match. "THESE THINGS HAVE TO GO. Got lucky last night but next time I might not be…" she wrote on social media.Historical ContextThis is far from a new issue at Roland Garros, which uses these panels towards the back of the court to advertise their sponsors. In 2017, David Goffin was forced to retire from his third round match due to a similar incident. No other grand slam tournament places their rain covers behind the baseline, making the French Open unique in this aspect.The issue is particularly problematic on clay courts due to the tendency for players to move and defend from deeper positions on the surface. This increases the likelihood of players running into the obstacles at the back of the court during extended rallies.Tournament UniquenessThe French Open is the only big tournament that still uses line judges, with the tournament placing their boards next to lines people in the court. Arthur Ashe Stadium at the US Open is the only other grand slam court with advertising hoardings on the court, but those boards are pressed directly to the back wall, not placed in the playing area.This design choice has been a point of contention for years, with players consistently raising concerns about the safety implications of having obstacles in the playing area. Despite these concerns, the tournament has maintained this setup, citing tradition and sponsorship requirements.Player Reactions"I didn't see the incidents, but I heard about them," said Swiatek. "Obviously if these things happen, there needs to be a reaction, because there are other ways for us to be visible for sure, you know? It's a shame, and it shouldn't – I hope they're going to put them in a different place or just put the advertising in a different way there, because it's not safe for sure."After her straight sets win over Viktorija Golubic, Marta Kostyuk expressed skepticism that the tournament would make changes: "Honestly, I feel like there are some rules that no matter what happens, they just cannot be changed, and no matter how much you speak about it or how much you fight over it, it's just the rules. I don't know."Swiatek's Path ForwardDespite the concerns about court safety, Swiatek continues to build confidence and momentum in her first major tournament alongside her new coach, Francisco Roig. After projected tough opponents like Jelena Ostapenko and Elena Rybakina were eliminated in round two, Swiatek now faces a different challenge in the form of Marta Kostyuk.Kostyuk is on a 15-match winning streak and has not lost on clay this year after winning titles in Rouen and Madrid. "I definitely have a different feeling going into this match, because I feel like last time that I played her in Cincinnati, I lost this match way before it even started, and I don't feel the same this time," said Kostyuk.